Chapter 01—Accounting: Information for Decision Making
Financial and Managerial Accounting, 18e 1-1
1 ACCOUNTING: INFORMATION FOR DECISION MAKING
Chapter Summary
Our financial reporting system has changed greatly over the past 50 years and will
continue to change. The financial world is experiencing unparalleled challenges, such as
globalization, changing regulation, and the widespread use of technology. In the midst of these
changes is the accounting profession that must provide reliable and relevant information to users.
This chapter introduces accounting to the student as the means of providing the information to
support business decisions. Two broad types of accounting information, financial and
management are introduced and discussed. The production and communication of information
within an accounting system is introduced at the outset of the chapter.
The focus then shifts to the various consumers of accounting information and the uses to
which they put that information. External users are discussed first with the natural emphasis
placed on the decision-making needs of investors and creditors. The needs of these users are
summarized in terms of their interest in cash flow prospects. The financial accounting process
communicates these prospects. The objectives of the reporting process are discussed in some
detail leading to a definitional listing of the financial statements. This segment of the chapter
concludes with an overview of the characteristics of externally reported accounting information.
The orientation of the chapter now shifts to decision-making by parties internal to an
organization and how internal accounting supports these decisions. Internal users are very
broadly defined as all employees of the organization. Employees are supported by the internal
accounting information system in three ways. First, the internal accounting system assigns
decision-making authority over the organization’s resources to employees. Second, the internal
accounting system provides the information required to make decisions regarding these
resources. Finally, employee performance is regularly evaluated and rewarded based on
information supplied by the internal accounting system. The characteristics of internal
accounting information are discussed at length. This discussion makes the student aware of the
distinctions between financial and internal accounting.
The main body of the chapter closes with a discussion of the sources of integrity of
accounting information. We introduce institutional features that contribute to the integrity of the
information including, accounting principles and standards, systems of internal control, and
audits of financial information. The roles played by organizations such as the AICPA, IMA, IIA,
AAA, and COSO are discussed. We close by emphasizing the critical importance of the
competence, judgment, and ethical behavior of professional accountants.
The chapter concludes with an overview of career opportunities offered by the accounting
profession. Opportunities in public, management, and government accounting are surveyed, as
are career paths in education. We take this opportunity to distinguish between accounting and
bookkeeping and to explain the limited role played by bookkeeping activities.
Chapter 01—Accounting: Information for Decision Making
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Learning Objectives
1. Discuss accounting as the language of business and the role of accounting information in
making economic decisions.
2. Discuss the significance of accounting systems in generating reliable accounting information
and understand the five components of internal control.
3. Explain the importance of financial accounting information for external parties—primarily
investors and creditors—in terms of the objectives and the characteristics of that information.
4. Explain the importance of accounting information for internal parties–primarily
management–in terms of the objectives and the characteristics of that information.
5. Discuss elements of the system of external and internal financial reporting that create
integrity in the reported information.
6. Identify and discuss several professional organizations that play important roles in preparing
and communicating accounting information.
7. Discuss the importance of personal competence, professional judgment, and ethical behavior
on the part of accounting professionals.
8. Describe various career opportunities in accounting.
Brief Topical Outline
A. Accounting information: a means to an end
1. Accounting from a user’s perspective
2. Types of accounting information
a. Financial accounting—see Case in Point (page 6)
b. Management accounting
c. Tax accounting
B. Accounting systems
1. Determining information needs
2. The cost of producing accounting information
3. Basic functions of an accounting system
4. Who designs and installs accounting systems?
5. Components of internal control
C. Financial accounting information
1. External users of accounting information
2. Objectives of external financial reporting
3. Characteristics of externally reported information—see Your Turn (page 11)
a. Financial reporting—a means
b. Financial reporting versus financial statements
c. Historical in nature
Chapter 01—Accounting: Information for Decision Making
Financial and Managerial Accounting, 18e 1-3
d. Inexact and approximate measures
e. General-purpose assumption
f. Usefulness enhanced via explanation
D. Management accounting information
1. Users of internal accounting information—see Exhibit 1–5
2. Objectives of management accounting information
3. Characteristics of management accounting information
a. Importance of timeliness
b. Identity of decision maker
c. Oriented toward the future
d. Measures of efficiency and effectiveness
e. Management accounting information—a means
E. Integrity of accounting information
1. Institutional features
a. Standards for the preparation of accounting information
b. Securities and Exchange Commission
c. Financial Accounting Standards Board
d. International Accounting Standards Board—see Case in Point (page 19)
e. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
f. Audits of financial statements
g. Legislation
2. Professional organizations
a. American Institute of CPAs (AICPA)
b. Institute of Management Accountants (IMA)
c. Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA)
d. American Accounting Association (AAA)
e. Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission
(COSO)
3. Competence, judgment, and ethical behavior—see Ethics, Fraud, and
Corporate Governance (page 27), Exhibit 1–6 (page 23), and Your Turn (page
23)
F. Careers in accounting
1. Public accounting
a. The CPA examination
2. Management accounting
3. Governmental accounting
a. The GAO: who audits the government?
b. The IRS: audits of income tax returns
c. The SEC: the “watchdog” of financial reporting
4. Accounting education
5. What about bookkeeping?
6. Accounting as a stepping-stone—see Ethics, Fraud, and Corporate
Governance (page 27)
7. But what about me? I’m not an accounting major
G. Concluding remarks
Chapter 01—Accounting: Information for Decision Making
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Topical Coverage and Suggested Assignments
Class
Meetings On
Chapter
Topical
Outline
Coverage
Discussion
Questions*
Brief
Exercises*
Exercises*
Problems*
Critical
Thinking
Cases*
1
A – C
1, 2, 4
1, 3
1, 3, 4
n.a.
2
2
D – G
5, 9, 15
5, 6, 7, 8
7, 8, 9, 12
n.a.
4
*Homework assignment (to be completed prior to class)
Comments and Observations
Teaching Objectives for Chapter 1
Chapter 1 introduces students to the users of accounting information including both internal and
external stakeholders. The objectives and characteristics of externally reported accounting
information and internal accounting information are explained and contrasted with one another.
The sources of integrity of accounting information are explained. Career opportunities in
accounting are also discussed. In the class meetings relating to this introductory chapter our
primary teaching objectives are to:
1. Explain the nature and requirements of the course.
2. Impress upon students the importance of keeping up with the coursework and completing
homework assignments on a timely basis. Impress upon students that accounting is a
cumulative knowledge subject. Students lost in Chapter 1 will likely have trouble the rest of
the semester.
3. Describe the general purpose of accounting and various uses of accounting information.
Explain the focus of this course relative to other accounting courses.
4. Provide an overview of external financial reporting.
5. Explain the nature of internal accounting and the information needs of internal users of
accounting information.
6. Discuss the factors responsible for assuring the integrity of accounting information.
7. Briefly describe some career opportunities in accounting and explain why an understanding
of accounting is useful to people other than professional accountants.
Chapter 01—Accounting: Information for Decision Making
Financial and Managerial Accounting, 18e 1-5
General Comments
Getting started. During the first class meeting, we find it helpful to acquaint the students with
the learning materials, including any applicable supplements. As accounting can be challenging
for some students, it’s important to ensure that they are familiar with the resources and study
tools available to them.
It is the nature of accounting that new concepts tend to build upon those that have come
before. Therefore, we place a high priority on impressing the students with the importance of
getting right to work and of keeping up with the progress of the class. Our experience has shown
repeatedly that students who get off to a slow start or who fall behind early in the course will
have increasing difficulty as the course progresses.
“Accounting” is much more than crunching numbers. In teaching accounting, it too often
happens that all available class time is spent demonstrating mechanical techniques and solving
quantitative problems. Many students, however, have very little understanding of the
environment in which accounting information is developed and used. Without this
understanding, the relevance of accounting procedures and computations may not be apparent.
We urge instructors to give appropriate classroom time to introducing this environment.
We favor in-class reviews of assignments emphasizing the use and interpretation of accounting
information. This is especially true of the Your Turn and Case in Point cases included within the
main body of the text. In addition, those problems that involve well-known companies introduce
elements of the business community with which the student is at least partially familiar.
We also encourage instructors to address the many nonquantitative aspects of
accounting, such as the information needs of decision-makers, accounting theory, systems
design, internal control, auditing, ethics, and issues involving professional judgment. If students
are to really “learn accounting,” these topics deserve attention in both the classroom and in the
textbook. One of our major goals in this eighteenth edition is to offer examples, text discussions,
and assignment materials that better illustrate what accounting “is all about.”
In covering Chapter 1, we like to provide students with an overview of both the external
and internal reporting process. Exercises 3 and 10 provide a good framework for this discussion.
We also like to discuss Case 1 in class. The Internet case for this chapter provides an excellent
opportunity to show students how they can use the Internet to perform financial research, retrieve
reports, and locate reliable guidance.
Chapter 01—Accounting: Information for Decision Making
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Supplemental Exercises
Group Exercise
Have student groups research reputable job posting websites such as Monster, Indeed,
Career Builder, and Robert Half and report at least three career options available in the field of
accounting. Have the students explain how the foundations learned in Chapter 1 might support
the job responsibilities of the selected positions.
Internet Exercise
screen, click Investors. Click on the link for the most recent Annual Report. In the
Management’s Discussion and Analysis section, review the rate of growth of Microsoft revenues.
How does Microsoft seem to be doing compared to the sales of other high tech products? Which
accounting firm audited Microsoft in 2015? What impression does the auditor’s report convey?
Chapter 01—Accounting: Information for Decision Making
Financial and Managerial Accounting, 18e 1-7
CHAPTER 1 NAME #
10-MINUTE QUIZ A SECTION
Indicate the best answer for each question.
1. The best definition of an accounting system is:
a Journals, ledgers, and worksheets.
b Manual or computer-based records used in developing information about an entity for use by
managers and also persons outside the organization.
c The personnel, procedures, devices, and records used by an entity to develop accounting information
and communicate this information to decision makers.
d The concepts, principles, and standards specifying the information which should be included in
financial statements, and how that information should be presented.
2. Suppose a number of your friends have organized a company to develop and sell a new software product.
They have asked you to loan them $7,000 to help get the company started, and have promised to repay
your $7,000 plus 10% interest in one year. Of the following, which amount may be described as the return
on your investment?
a $7,000.
b $ 700.
c $7,700.
d Some other amount.
3. Which of the following is generally not considered one of the general purpose financial statements issued
by a corporation?
a Budget forecast.
b Balance sheet.
c Income statement.
d Statement of cash flows.
4. All of the following are characteristics of management accounting, except:
a Reports are used primarily by insiders rather than by persons outside of the business entity.
b Its purpose is to assist managers in planning and controlling business operations.
c Information must be developed in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles or with
income tax regulations.
d Information may be tailored to assist in specific management decisions.
5. Which of the following is not an objective of financial reporting?
a Provide information useful in assessing amount, timing, and uncertainty of future cash flows.
b Provide information useful in making investment and credit decisions.
c Provide information about economic resources, claims to resources, and changes in resources and
claims.
d Provide information to guarantee the enterprise achieves its goals, objectives, and mission.
Chapter 01—Accounting: Information for Decision Making
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CHAPTER 1 NAME #
10-MINUTE QUIZ B SECTION
Match the organizations on the left with the descriptions on the right. Each description should be used only once.
Organization
Financial Accounting Standards Board
Securities and Exchange Commission
American Accounting Association
Institute of Internal Auditors
American Institute of CPAs
Institute of Management Accountants
Internal Revenue Service
International Accounting Standards Board
_______Committee of Sponsoring Organizations
Description
a. Government agency that regulates financial
reporting by publicly held companies.
b. International organization dedicated to the
advancement of internal auditing.
c. Private organization most directly involved in
the development and issuance of accounting
standards.
d. Organization dedicated to the advancement of
accounting education and research.
e. Organization most involved with the ethical
conduct of the accountants working within a
company.
f. Organization that develops formal standards
for auditing private companies in the United
States.
g. A government agency that handles income tax
returns of individuals and businesses and
performs an audit function to verify the data
presented.
h. An organization that develops international
accounting standards.
i. An organization dedicated to improving
financial reporting through ethics, internal
controls, and corporate governance.
Chapter 01—Accounting: Information for Decision Making
Financial and Managerial Accounting, 18e 1-9
CHAPTER 1 NAME #
10-MINUTE QUIZ C SECTION
The following is a list of various characteristics of accounting information. In the space provided identify
each as a characteristic of either financial or management accounting information.
1. The information is summarized in a set of statements distributed to the public.
2. The information is historical in nature. It reports the results of events and transactions that have
already occurred.
3. The timeliness of the information is more critical than its completeness.
4. To increase its usefulness to investors and creditors, the information is usually accompanied by
explanations from management.
5. The information is intended to be used for planning and control decisions.
Chapter 01—Accounting: Information for Decision Making
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CHAPTER 1 NAME #
10-MINUTE QUIZ D SECTION
Provide concise written answers to the following:
1. Investors and creditors are interested in a company’s “cash flow prospects.” What two specific
concerns of investors and creditors are summarized by the term “cash flow prospects?”
2. List three financial statements that are used to communicate financial accounting information to
interested external parties.
3. Provide a brief example to illustrate that externally reported financial accounting information
must be based in part on estimates, judgments, and assumptions.
4. Briefly explain how generally accepted accounting principles enhance the integrity of financial
accounting information.
Chapter 01—Accounting: Information for Decision Making
Financial and Managerial Accounting, 18e 1-11
SOLUTIONS TO 10–MINUTE QUIZZES
QUIZ A
1. C
QUIZ B
Learning Objective: 6
QUIZ C
Chapter 01—Accounting: Information for Decision Making
1-12 Instructor’s Resource Manual
Assignment Guide to Chapter 1
Brief
Exercises
Exercises
Cases
Net
Item Number
1 – 10
1 – 16
1
2
3
4
5
Time estimate (in minutes)
< 10
< 15
15
15
15
30
30
Difficulty rating
E
E
E
M
E
M
M
Learning objective:
1, 16
1. Discuss accounting as the language of business and the
role of accounting information in making economic
decisions.
2. Discuss the significance of accounting systems in
generating reliable accounting information and
understand the five components of internal control.
and creditors—in terms of the objectives and the
characteristics of that information.
information.
information.
communicating accounting information.
5, 8, 11
of accounting professionals.
7, 14