978-1285198248 Chapter 12

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subject Authors David G. Drumright, Douglas W. King, J. Anthony Seikel

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Chapter 12
Neurophysiology
Neurophysiology Class Activity 1
Lecture Discussion Questions
1. Which artery of the cerebrovascular supply is typically affected if a person suffers from
aphasia?
2. What is the function of a neuron?
3. Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for somatosensory reception?
4. Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for auditory reception?
5. Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for visual reception?
6. Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for cognitive function?
7. Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for taste?
8. Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for receptive language function?
9. Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for expressive language function?
10. What is the function of the corpus callosum?
11. What happens when both hippocampi are ablated (destroyed) surgically?
12. Damage to which hemisphere results in left neglect and pragmatic deficit?
Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Class Activity 2
Available Videotapes (This Is Replicated in Chapter 11 Materials)
There are some truly excellent videotapes that illustrate neuropathology. Because of the time
limitations of the course, I tend to use them only when I must be gone from class, but they could
also serve as excellent lab activities. I should note that NOVA is very generous in its permissions
for viewing and broadcasting over closed distance education systems, which is not the case for
most other video sources.
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©2016 Cengage Learning. May be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Brain Transplants: My all-time favorite is a NOVA video entitled Brain Transplants, which
documents the beginning of fetal tissue transplants for Parkinson’s disease. The film shows
excellent footage of individuals in late-stage substantia nigra degeneration secondary to drug
overdose and documents the process of discovery concerning treatment for this condition. My
students continue to state that this is one of the best videos they have ever seen.
The Forgetting (NOVA): This video presents an inside view of Alzheimer’s disease.
In Search of the Killer Gene: This excellent documentary discusses the process of discovery of
the gene for Huntington’s disease.
Dysarthria Sampler: Arnold Aronson has produced an excellent tape entitled Dysarthria
Sampler, which shows brief video clips from his clinical career. The clips illustrate a broad
spectrum of disorders, and they can be used individually to illustrate the effects of pathology on
specific systems. This tape is available from Mentor Seminars, Box 1053, Rochester, MN 55903-
1053; 507-289-0914, or http://www.mentorseminars.com.
Stranger in the Mirror (NOVA): This video provides personal insight into visual agnosia.
Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Class Activity 3
Noncommercial Videotapes (This Is Replicated in Chapter 11 Materials)
I receive permission from clients to use their clinical videotapes for teaching, and I regularly
show those tapes to illustrate specific neurogenic conditions (such as ataxia, spasticity, flaccidity,
aphasia, dementia, etc.). Although these are obviously not available for use within these
materials, because of permission restrictions, I can provide you with a few videos that you may
find helpful or at least entertaining. As you can tell from the author photos in our text, I am cat
(third edition) and dog (second edition) friendly. I have created a CD that includes a series of
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©2016 Cengage Learning. May be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
fasciculations). Mary also unfortunately suffered from a liver duct disease for which she
underwent surgical correction; sadly, she died three days postsurgery. She was a lively, spunky
bundle of joy, and I hope you enjoy seeing her in these video clips. Both Tiny Tim and Mary
Noodle were far more than clinical samples, obviously, but they provide a “human” side to the
clinical picture. Again, Mary’s biographical sketch is included in the “Videos” subdirectory.
Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Class Activity 4
Discussion of Pathology as Related to Physiology
We brought this up in Chapter 11, but this is also a great time to make neurophysiology real. You
could talk about the myoneural junction as it relates to myasthenia gravis,or about motor control
issues related to spastic or flaccid dysarthria. Hyperkinesias really illustrate the basal ganglia
motor control circuit, and there are now quite a few public-access videos available that illustrate
that (with all caution about these being often home videos by patients themselves). Parkinson’s
disease provides a great example of neurotransmitter balance issues, and again there are videos
Esoterica: One of my passions is studying the effects of meditation on neurophysiology. Since a
significant role of mindfulness meditation is to focus attention, meditation provides a unique
method for examining the attentional networks. There are many articles on these effects that are
worth delving into, but here are a few that are fascinating:
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Volume change resulting from meditation:
Holzel, B. K., Carmody, J., Vangel, M., Congleton, C., Yerramsetti, S. M., Gard, T., &
Lazar, S. W. (2011). Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter
density. Psychiatry Research, 191(1), 36–43.
Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Wasserman, R. H., Gray, J. R., Greve, D. N., Treadway, M. T.,
et al., (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness.
Neuroreport, 16(17), 1893.
Bærentsen, K. B., Stødkilde-Jørgensen, H., Sommerlund, B., Hartmann, T., Damsgaard-
Madsen, J., Fosnæs, M., & Green, A. C. (2010). An investigation of brain processes
supporting meditation. Cognitive Processing, 11(1), 57–84.
Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Class Activity 5
Videos: Infant Reflexes
There is a wealth of reflex-testing videos available online, but by far my favorite all-
encompassing video is the one developed at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. Normal
Infant Reflexes and Development, 1988, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Therapy Skill
corticospinal tracts. I sometimes combine this discussion with videos of clients who show, for
instance, the sucking reflex following cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Class Activity 6
Synaptic Pruning Discussion
Synaptic pruning relative to experience is a potent area of discussion, particularly as related to
speech and language. I always drop to the Blakemore and Cooper article from the seventies,
which so perfectly describes the effects of visual deprivation on kitten visual development (I
always issue a pre-discussion disclaimer that I, personally, don’t participate in deprivation
research.). From that point, discussion of some of Webster’s work on auditory deprivation in
non-humans and humans lets you remind your students of the critical nature of prevention of
conductive hearing loss in chronic otitis media for later speech and language development (as I
write this, I note the passing of Marion Downs at 100, a great champion of treatment of chronic
otitis media (COM). The notion of “use it or lose it” is ever present in this discussion.
Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Class Activity 7
Amygdala and Fear Discussion
The role of the amygdala in fear and fearlessness is a fascinating topic. The studies that show
that mice who have had amygdala damage no longer fear walking across open spaces (owls love
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it when they do that) reinforce the notion that risk-taking behavior can underly physical
differences among individuals. Likewise, the studies that show hypertrophy of amygdala in
people with post-traumatic stress disorder help to underscore the dominance of the amygdala in
fear.
Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Class Activity 8
Cognition and Traumatic Brain Injury
TBI provides a great vehicle for discussion of cognition. If you view cognitive processes
(attention, memory, visuospatial processes, linguistic processes) as the raw material that is used
by executive functions to help us make our way in the world, you can start a discussion of brain
regions involved in those functions and processes (for instance, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
for executive function). Focal trauma reveals localized effects, whereas diffuse trauma reveals
the effects of loss of interconnectedness.
Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Class Activity 9
The Meaning of Life: Consciousness
I’m being a little “tongue-in-cheek” here, but as you discuss cognition and consciousness, it’s a
great time to bring to light some of the current furor that exists in neuroscience over
consciousness. If you discussed TBI, you were able to bring in concepts of levels of
consciousness and awareness as one emerges from coma. Looking at, for instance, the Glasgow

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