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30. Interactive Effects of PPP. Assume that the inflation rates of the countries that use the euro are very
low, while other European countries that have their own currencies experience high inflation. Explain
how and why the euro’s value could be expected to change against these currencies according to the
PPP theory.
ANSWER: According to the PPP theory, the euro’s value would increase against the value of the
other European currencies, because the trade patterns would shift in response to the inflation
31. Applying IRP and IFE. Assume that Mexico has a one-year interest rate that is higher than the U.S.
one-year interest rate. Assume that you believe in the international Fisher effect (IFE), and interest
rate parity. Assume zero transactions costs.
Ed is based in the U.S. and he attempts to speculate by purchasing Mexican pesos today, investing the
pesos in a risk-free asset for a year, and then converting the pesos to dollars at the end of one year. Ed
did not cover his position in the forward market.
Maria is based in Mexico and she attempts covered interest arbitrage by purchasing dollars today and
simultaneously selling dollars one year forward, investing the dollars in a risk-free asset for a year,
and then converting the dollars back to pesos at the end of one year.
Do you think the rate of return on Ed’s investment will be higher than, lower than, or the same as the
rate of return on Maria’s investment? Explain.
ANSWER: Maria’s rate of return will be higher. Since interest rate parity exists, she will earn
32. Arbitrage and PPP. Assume that locational arbitrage ensures that spot exchange rates are properly
aligned. Also assume that you believe in purchasing power parity. The spot rate of the British pound
is $1.80. The spot rate of the Swiss franc is .3 pounds. You expect that the one-year inflation rate is 7
percent in the U.K., 5 percent in Switzerland, and 1 percent in the U.S. The one-year interest rate is
6% in the U.K., 2% in Switzerland, and 4% in the U.S. What is your expected spot rate of the Swiss
franc in one year with respect to the U.S. dollar? Show your work.
ANSWER: SF spot rate in $ = 1.80 × .3 = $.54.
33. IRP Versus IFE. You believe that interest rate parity and the international Fisher effect hold. Assume
the U.S. interest rate is presently much higher than the New Zealand interest rate. You have
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Relationships Among Inflation, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 2
receivables of 1 million New Zealand dollars that you will receive in one year. You could hedge the
receivables with the one-year forward contract. Or you could decide to not hedge. Is your expected
U.S. dollar amount of the receivables in one year from hedging higher, lower, or the same as your
expected U.S. dollar amount of the receivables without hedging? Explain.
ANSWER: The expected amount is the same, because the forward rate reflects the interest rate
34. IRP, PPP, and Speculating in Currency Derivatives. The U.S. three-month interest rate
(unannualized) is 1%. The Canadian three-month interest rate (unannualized) is 4%. Interest rate
parity exists. The expected inflation over this period is 5% in the U.S. and 2% in Canada. A call
option with a three-month expiration date on Canadian dollars is available for a premium of $.02 and
a strike price of $.64. The spot rate of the Canadian dollar is $.65. Assume that you believe in
purchasing power parity.
a. Determine the dollar amount of your profit or loss from buying a call option contract specifying
C$100,000.
ANSWER: The expected change in the Canadian dollar’s spot rate is:
b. Determine the dollar amount of your profit or loss from buying a futures contract specifying
C$100,000.
ANSWER: According to IRP, the futures rate premium should be (1.01)/(1.04) – 1 = –2.88%
Therefore, the futures rate should be $.65 × (1 – .0288) = $.6313.
35. Implications of PPP. Today’s spot rate of the Mexican peso is $.10. Assume that purchasing
power parity holds. The U.S. inflation rate over this year is expected to be 7%, while the Mexican
inflation over this year is expected to be 3%. Wake Forest Co. plans to import from Mexico and will
need 20 million Mexican pesos in one year. Determine the expected amount of dollars to be paid by
the Wake Forest Co. for the pesos in one year.
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Relationships Among Inflation, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 3
ANSWER:
36. Investment Implications of IRP and IFE. The Argentine one-year CD (deposit) rate is 13%,
while the Mexico one-year CD rate is 11% and the U.S. one-year CD rate is 6%. All CDs have zero
default risk. Interest rate parity holds, and you believe that the international Fisher effect holds.
Jamie (based in the U.S.) invests in a one-year CD in Argentina.
Ann (based in the U.S.) invests in a one-year CD in Mexico.
Ken (based in the U.S.) invests in a one-year CD in Argentina and sells Argentina pesos one year
forward to cover his position.
Juan (who lives in Argentina) invests in a one-year CD in the U.S.
Maria (who lives in Mexico) invests in a one-year CD in the U.S.
Nina (who lives in Mexico) invests in a one-year CD in Argentina.
Carmen (who lives in Argentina) invests in a one-year CD in Mexico and sells Mexican pesos one
year forward to cover her position.
Corio (who lives in Mexico) invests in a one-year CD in Argentina and sells Argentina pesos one year
forward to cover his position.
Based on this information, which person will be expected to earn the highest return on the funds
invested? If you believe that multiple persons will tie for the highest expected return, name each of
them. Explain.
ANSWER: Jose and Carmen will earn the highest return. When the IFE holds, the expected return
37. Investment Implications of IRP and the IFE. Today, a U.S. dollar can be exchanged for 3
New Zealand dollars. The one-year CD (deposit) in New Zealand is 7% and the one-year CD rate in
the U.S. is 6%. Interest rate parity exists between the U.S. and New Zealand. The international Fisher
effect exists between the U.S. and New Zealand. Today a U.S. dollar can be exchanged for 2 Swiss
francs. The one-year CD rate in Switzerland is 5%. The spot rate of the Swiss franc is the same as the
one-year forward rate.
Karen (based in the U.S.) invests in a one-year CD in New Zealand and sells New Zealand dollars
one year forward to cover her position.
James (based in the U.S) invests in a one-year CD in New Zealand and does not cover his position.
Brian (based in the U.S.) invests in a one-year CD in Switzerland and sells Swiss francs one year
forward to cover his position.
Eric (who lives in Switzerland) invests in a one-year CD in Switzerland.
Tonya (who lives in New Zealand) invests in a one-year CD in the U.S. and sells U.S. dollars one
year forward to cover her position.
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Relationships Among Inflation, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 4
Based on this information, which person will be expected to earn the highest return on the funds
invested? If you believe that multiple persons will tie for the highest expected return, name each of
them. Explain.
38. Real Interest Rates, Expected Inflation, IRP, and the Spot Rate. The U.S. and the country
of Rueland have the same real interest rate of 3%. The expected inflation over the next year is 6
percent in the U.S. versus 21% in Rueland. Interest rate parity exists. The one-year currency futures
contract on Rueland’s currency (called the ru) is priced at $.40 per ru. What is the spot rate of the ru?
ANSWER
FR premium = (1.09)/(1.24) – 1 =-.12096
39. PPP and Real Interest Rates. The nominal (quoted) U.S. one-year interest rate is 6%, while the
nominal one-year interest rate in Canada is 5%. Assume you believe in purchasing power parity. You
believe the real one-year interest rate is 2% in the U.S, and that the real one-year interest rate is 3% in
Canada. Today the Canadian dollar spot rate at $.90. What do you think the spot rate of the Canadian
dollar will be in one year?
ANSWER: Expected inflation in the U.S. = 6% - 2%=4%.
40. IFE, Cross Exchange Rates, and Cash Flows. Assume the Hong Kong dollar (HK$) value is
tied to the U.S. dollar and will remain tied to the U.S. dollar. Assume that interest rate parity exists.
Today, an Australian dollar (A$) is worth $.50 and HK$3.9. The one-year interest rate on the
Australian dollar is 11%, while the one-year interest rate on the U.S. dollar is 7%. You believe in the
international Fisher effect.
You will receive A$1 million in one year from selling products to Australia, and will convert these
proceeds into Hong Kong dollars in the spot market at that time to purchase imports from Hong
Kong. Forecast the amount of Hong Kong dollars that you will be able to purchase in the spot market
one year from now with A$1 million. Show your work.
ANSWER:
Expected change in A$ against US $ =(1.07)/1.11 – 1 = -3.6%
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Relationships Among Inflation, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 5
41. PPP and Cash Flows. Boston Co. will receive 1 million euros in one year from selling exports. It
did not hedge this future transaction. Boston believes that the future value of the euro will be
determined by purchasing power parity (PPP). It expects that inflation in countries using the euro will
be 12% next year, while inflation in the U.S. will be 7% next year. Today the spot rate of the euro is
$1.46, and the one-year forward rate is $1.50.
a. Estimate the amount of U.S. dollars that Boston will receive in one year when converting its euro
b. Today, the spot rate of the Hong Kong dollar is pegged at $.13. Boston believes that the Hong
Kong dollar will remain pegged to the dollar for the next year. If Boston Co. decides to convert its 1
million euros into Hong Kong dollars instead of U.S. dollars at the end of one year, estimate the
amount of Hong Kong dollars that Boston will receive in one year when converting its euro
receivables into Hong Kong dollars.
ANSWER:
a. Expected appreciation of euro = (1+.07)/(1+.12)-1=-.04464
b. Expected spot rate of H.K. $ in one year = $.13 since it will remain pegged.
42. PPP and Speculating with Currency Futures. Assume that you believe purchasing power parity
(PPP) exists. You expect that inflation in Canada during the next year will be 3%, and inflation in the
U.S. will be 8%. Today the spot rate of the Canadian dollar is $.90 and the one-year futures contract
of the Canadian dollar is priced at $.88. Estimate the expected profit or loss if an investor sold a
one-year futures contract today on one million Canadian dollars and settled this contract on the
settlement date.
ANSWER:
Expected appreciation of C$ = (1+.08)/(1+.03)-1=.04854
= -$63,689.
43. PPP and Changes in the Real Interest Rate. Assume that you believe exchange rate movements
are mostly driven by purchasing power parity. The U.S. and Canada presently have the same nominal
(quoted) interest rate. The central bank of Canada just made an announcement that causes you to
revise your estimate of Canada’s real interest rate downward. Nominal interest rates were not affected
by the announcement. Do you expect that the Canadian dollar to appreciate, depreciate, or remain the
same against the dollar in response to the announcement? Briefly explain your answer.
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Relationships Among Inflation, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 6
ANSWER: A decrease in the real interest rate (with no change in the nominal interest rate) means that
44. IFE and Forward Rate. The one-year Treasury (risk-free) interest rate in the U.S. is presently 6%,
while the one-year Treasury interest rate in Switzerland is 13%. The spot rate of the Swiss franc is
$.80. Assume that you believe in the international Fisher effect. You will receive 1 million Swiss
francs in one year.
a. What is the estimated amount of dollars you will receive when converting the francs to U.S. dollars
in one year at the spot rate at that time?
b. Assume that interest rate parity exists. If you hedged your future receivables with a one-year
forward contract, how many dollars will you receive when converting the francs to U.S. dollars in one
year?
a. Expected movement in Swiss franc = [(1.06)/(1.13) - 1]= -6.19%
b. The forward rate premium = [(1.06)/(1.13) - 1]= -6.19%
45. PPP. You believe that the future value of the Australian dollar will be determined by purchasing
power parity (PPP). You expect that inflation in Australia will be 6% next year, while inflation in the
U.S. will be 2% next year. Today the spot rate of the Australian dollar is $.81, and the one-year
forward rate is $.77. What is the expected spot rate of the Australian dollar in one year?
ANSWER:
46. Logic Behind IFE. Investors based in the U.S. can earn 11% interest on a one-year bank deposit in
Argentina (with no default risk) or 2% on a one-year U.S. bank deposit in the U.S. (with no default
risk). Assess the following statement: "According to the international Fisher effect (IFE), if U.S.
investors invest 1000 Argentine pesos in an Argentine bank deposit, they are expected to receive only
20 pesos (2% x 1,000 pesos) as interest. " Is this statement a correct explanation of why the
international Fisher effect would discourage U.S. investors from investing in Argentina? If not,
provide a more accurate explanation for why investors who believe in IFE would not pursue the
Argentine investment in this example.
ANSWER: The Argentine investment will generate interest of 11%, or 110 pesos for every 1,000
pesos that are invested (not 2% as is mentioned in the statement). It is important to understand that the
interest rate is much more favorable in this example, and so investors earn more interest from
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Relationships Among Inflation, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 7
47. Influence of PPP. The U.S. has expected inflation of 2%, while Country A, Country B, and Country
C have expected inflation of 7%. Country A engages in much international trade with the U.S. The
products that are traded between Country A and the U.S. can easily be produced by either country.
Country B engages in much international trade with the U.S. The products that are traded between
Country B and the U.S. are important health products, and there are not substitutes for these products
that are exported from the U.S. to Country B or from Country B to the U.S. Country C engages in
much international financial flows with the U.S. but very little trade. If you were to use purchasing
power parity to predict the future exchange rate over the next year for the local currency of each
country against the dollar, do you think PPP would provide the most accurate forecast for the
currency of Country A, Country B, or Country C? Briefly explain.
ANSWER: PPP should provide the most accurate forecast for the currency of Country A, because
there is much international trade, so price changes can affect the volume of foreign exchange in each
direction. Also, the products have substitutes, which causes each country to shift its demand in
Solution to Continuing Case Problem: Blades, Inc.
1. What is the relationship between the exchange rates and relative inflation levels of the two countries?
How will this relationship affect Blades’ Thai revenue and costs given that the baht is freely floating?
What is the net effect of this relationship on Blades?
ANSWER: The relationship between exchange rates and relative inflation rates is summarized by the
purchasing power parity (PPP) theory. When one country’s inflation rate rises relative to that of
another, the demand for the former country’s currency declines as its exports decline (due to its higher
Since the baht has become a freely floating currency, the currency should be expected to depreciate
due to the high inflation levels prevailing in Thailand. Blades’ revenue generated in Thailand will be
negatively affected by PPP. Because of Blades’ export arrangement, it is unable to increase its prices
Since Blades generates net cash inflows from its Thai operations, it will be negatively affected by
PPP.
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Relationships Among Inflation, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 8
2. What are some of the factors that prevent PPP from occurring in the short run? Would you expect PPP
to hold better if countries negotiate trade arrangements under which they commit themselves to the
purchase or sale of a fixed number of goods over a specified time period? Why or why not?
ANSWER: PPP may not hold because exchange rates are affected by other factors in addition to the
Arrangements whereby firms with differing inflation commit themselves to the purchase of a fixed
number of goods over a specified period of time will cause PPP not to hold, at least in the short run.
3. How do you reconcile the high level of interest rates in Thailand with the expected change of the
baht-dollar exchange rate according to PPP?
ANSWER: High levels of real interest rates in a given country may increase the demand for that
country’s currency as foreign investors can earn higher rates of return in the foreign country than may
4. Given Blades’ future plans in Thailand, should the company be concerned with PPP? Why or why
not?
ANSWER: Although PPP may not hold well in the short run, it has been found to hold reasonably
well in the long run. Since Blades is under a three-year export arrangement with Entertainment
5. PPP may hold better for some countries than for others. The Thai baht has been freely floating for
more than a decade. How do you think Blades can gain insight into whether PPP holds for Thailand?
Offer some logic to explain why the PPP relationship may not hold here.
ANSWER: One possible way to determine whether PPP holds between two countries is to regress
Solution to Supplemental Case: Flame Fixtures, Inc.
a. If the peso depreciates by more than the inflation differential, then the dollar cost to Flame will be
even lower than expected.
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Relationships Among Inflation, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 9
b. If the peso depreciates by less than the inflation differential, then the dollar cost to Flame will be even
higher than expected. Consider a scenario in which the Mexican inflation rate is 80 percent or so,
causing the bill in pesos to be 80 percent higher. Yet, if the peso depreciated by a relatively small
amount over this period (say 20 percent or so), the dollar cost to Flame will increase substantially.
Since there are other factors in addition to inflation that also affect the peso’s exchange rate, the peso
will not necessarily depreciate by an amount that fully offsets the high inflation.
c. Stable dollar payments would only occur if the peso depreciated by an amount that offset its high
inflation rate. It is unlikely that there will be a perfect offset in any given period. Therefore, Flame’s
dollar payments would be unstable, and so would its profits.
d. The risk would increase, because its payments for parts would now be more volatile, and so would its
profits. Given that it does not have much liquidity, it will suffer a cash squeeze if the peso does not
depreciate much while Mexican inflation is high. Over the long run, there may be periods in which
this happens. Flame would be locked into this arrangement with Coron for ten years, and therefore
cannot back out, even if the peso’s depreciation does not offset the inflation differential.
Small Business Dilemma
Assessment of the IFE by the Sports Exports Company
1. Is Jim’s interpretation of the IFE theory correct?
ANSWER: Yes. The expected future spot rate derived from the IFE theory is the same as the
2. If you were in Jim’s position, would you spend time trying to decide whether to hedge the receivables
each month, or do you believe that the results would be the same (on average) whether you hedged or
not?
ANSWER: There is some question as to whether the IFE theory holds. Therefore, it is naive to think
Part 2—Integrative Problem
Exchange Rate Behavior
1. As an employee of the foreign exchange department for a large company, you have been given the
following information.
Beginning of Year
Spot rate of £ = $1.596
Spot rate of Australian dollar (A$) = $.70
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Relationships Among Inflation, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 10
Cross exchange rate: £1 = A$2.28
One-year forward rate of A$ = $.71
One-year forward rate of £ = $1.58004
One-year U.S. interest rate = 8.00%
One-year British interest rate = 9.09%
One-year Australian interest rate = 7.00%
Determine whether triangular arbitrage is feasible, and if so, how it should be conducted to make a
profit.
ANSWER: Triangular arbitrage is not feasible because the cross exchange rate between £ and A$ is
properly specified:
Proper Cross exchange rate = Spot rate of £
Spot rate of A$ = $1.596
$.7 = 2.28
2. Using the information in question 1, determine whether covered interest arbitrage is feasible and, if
so, how it should be conducted to make a profit.
ANSWER: Covered interest arbitrage is only feasible when interest rate parity does not exist. To test
whether interest rate parity exists, determine the forward premium that should exist for the pound and
for the Australian dollar.
Forward Premium Actual
Currency that Should Exist Forward Premium
Pound (£)
1 -
i+1
i+1
= p
f
h
p = F - S
S
= 1.08
1.0909 - 1
= $1.58004 - $1.596
$1.596
= –.01 = –.01
Australian Dollar (A$)
p = 1 + i
1 + i - 1
h
f
p = F - S
S
1.08
1.07 -1
.71 - $.70
$.70
= .0093 = .01428
Interest rate parity exists for the British pound. However, interest rate parity does not exist for the
A$. The actual forward premium is higher than it should be. U.S. investors could benefit from the
discrepancy by using covered interest arbitrage. The forward premium they would receive when
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Relationships Among Inflation, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 11
3. Based on the information in question 1 for the beginning of the year, use the international Fisher
effect (IFE) theory to forecast the annual percentage change in the British pound’s value over the
year.
ANSWER: The IFE suggests that given two currencies, the currency with a higher interest rate
reflects higher expected inflation, which will place downward pressure on the value of that currency
(based on purchasing power parity). The currency adjustment will offset the differential in interest
rates.
e = 1 + i
1 + i -1
= 1 + .08
1 + .0909 -1
-.01 or - 1%
f
h
f
~
4. Assume that at the beginning of the year, the pound’s value is in equilibrium. Assume that over the
year the British inflation rate is 6 percent while the U.S. inflation rate is 4 percent. Assume that any
change in the pound’s value due to the inflation differential has occurred by the end of the year.
Using this information and the information provided in question 1, determine how the pound’s value
changed over the year.
ANSWER: If PPP held, the pound would have changed by:
e = 1 + I
1 + I -1
= 1.04
1.06 - 1
- .0189 or -1.89%
p
h
f
~
5. Assume that the pound’s depreciation over the year was attributed directly to central bank
intervention. Explain the type of direct intervention that would place downward pressure on the value
of the pound.
Relationships Among Inflation, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 12
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