Answers to End of Chapter Questions
1. Reducing Economic Exposure. Baltimore, Inc., is a U.S.-based MNC that obtains 10 percent of its
supplies from European manufacturers. Sixty percent of its revenues are due to exports to Europe,
where its product is invoiced in euros. Explain how Baltimore can attempt to reduce its economic
exposure to exchange rate fluctuations in the euro.
ANSWER: Baltimore Inc. could reduce its economic exposure by shifting some of its U.S. expenses
2. Reducing Economic Exposure. UVA Co. is a U.S.-based MNC that obtains 40 percent of its foreign
supplies from Thailand. It also borrows Thailand’s currency (the baht) from Thai banks and converts
the baht to dollars to support U.S. operations. It currently receives about 10 percent of its revenue
from Thai customers. Its sales to Thai customers are denominated in baht. Explain how UVA Co. can
reduce its economic exposure to exchange rate fluctuations.
ANSWER: UVA Company has periodic outflow payments in Thai baht that are substantially more
3. Reducing Economic Exposure. Albany Corp. is a U.S.-based MNC that has a large government
contract with Australia. The contract will continue for several years and generate more than half of
Albany’s total sales volume. The Australian government pays Albany in Australian dollars. About 10
percent of Albany’s operating expenses are in Australian dollars; all other expenses are in U.S.
dollars. Explain how Albany Corp. can reduce its economic exposure to exchange rate fluctuations.
ANSWER: Albany may ask the Australian government to provide payment in U.S. dollars.
4. Tradeoffs When Reducing Economic Exposure. When an MNC restructures its operations to
reduce its economic exposure, it may sometimes forgo economies of scale. Explain.
ANSWER: An MNC may attempt to use several production plants. The production could be
increased in countries whose home currency is weak (since demand for products in those countries
5. Exchange Rate Effects on Earnings. Explain how a U.S.-based MNC’s consolidated earnings are
affected when foreign currencies depreciate.
ANSWER: A U.S.-based MNC’s consolidated earnings are reduced by the translation effect when
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Managing Economic Exposure and Translation Exposure 2
6. Hedging Translation Exposure. Explain how a firm can hedge its translation exposure.
ANSWER: A firm can hedge translation exposure by selling forward the currency of the firm’s
7. Limitations of Hedging Translation Exposure. Bartunek Co. is a U.S.-based MNC that has
European subsidiaries and wants to hedge its translation exposure to fluctuations in the euro’s value.
Explain some limitations when it hedges translation exposure.
ANSWER: The limitations are as follows. First, Bartunek Inc. needs to forecast its foreign
8. Effective Hedging of Translation Exposure. Would a more established MNC or a less established
MNC be better able to effectively hedge its given level of translation exposure? Why?
ANSWER: This question is intended to stimulate class discussion. There is no perfect answer. One
opinion is that a more established MNC can better predict its level of foreign earnings, because its
9. Comparing Degrees of Economic Exposure. Carlton Co. and Palmer, Inc., are U.S.-based MNCs
with subsidiaries in Mexico that distribute medical supplies (produced in the United States) to
customers throughout Latin America. Both subsidiaries purchase the products at cost and sell the
products at 90 percent markup. The other operating costs of the subsidiaries are very low. Carlton
Co. has a research and development center in the United States that focuses on improving its medical
technology. Palmer, Inc., has a similar center based in Mexico. Each firm subsidizes its respective
research and development center on an annual basis. Which firm is subject to a higher degree of
economic exposure? Explain.
ANSWER: Carlton Company is subject to a higher degree of economic exposure because it does not
10. Comparing Degrees of Translation Exposure. Nelson Co. is a U.S. firm with annual export sales to
Singapore of about S$800 million. Its main competitor is Mez Co., also based in the United States,
with a subsidiary in Singapore that generates about S$800 million in annual sales. Any earnings
generated by the subsidiary are reinvested to support its operations. Based on the information
provided, which firm is subject to a higher degree of translation exposure? Explain.
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Managing Economic Exposure and Translation Exposure 3
ANSWER: Since Nelson Company does not have any subsidiaries, its exposure to exchange rate
Advanced Questions
11. Managing Economic Exposure. St. Paul Co. does business in the United States and New Zealand.
In attempting to assess its economic exposure, it compiled the following information.
a. St. Paul’s U.S. sales are somewhat affected by the value of the New Zealand dollar (NZ$),
because it faces competition from New Zealand exporters. It forecasts the U.S. sales based on the
following three exchange rate scenarios:
Revenue from U.S. Business
Exchange Rate of NZ$ (in millions)
NZ$ = $.48 $100
NZ$ = .50 105
NZ$ = .54 110
b. Its New Zealand dollar revenues on sales to New Zealand invoiced in New Zealand dollars are
expected to be NZ$600 million.
c. Its anticipated cost of materials is estimated at $200 million from the purchase of U.S. materials
and NZ$100 million from the purchase of New Zealand materials.
d. Fixed operating expenses are estimated at $30 million.
e. Variable operating expenses are estimated at 20 percent of total sales (after including New
Zealand sales, translated to a dollar amount).
f. Interest expense is estimated at $20 million on existing U.S. loans, and the company has no
existing New Zealand loans.
Forecast net cash flows for St. Paul Co. under each of the three exchange rate scenarios. Explain how
St. Paul’s projected net cash flows are affected by possible exchange rate movements. Explain how it
can restructure its operations to reduce the sensitivity of its net cash flows to exchange rate
movements without reducing its volume of business in New Zealand.
ANSWER:
Forecasted Net Cash Flows for St. Paul Company
(Figures are in millions)
NZ$ = $.48 NZ$ = $.50 NZ$ = $.54
Sales
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Managing Economic Exposure and Translation Exposure 4
ANSWER: The forecasted income statements show that St. Paul Company is favorably affected by a
12. Assessing Economic Exposure. Alaska Inc. plans to create and finance a subsidiary in Mexico that
produces computer components at a low cost and exports them to other countries. It has no other
international business. The subsidiary will produce computers and export them to Caribbean islands
and will invoice the products in U.S. dollars. The values of the currencies in the islands are expected
to remain very stable against the dollar. The subsidiary will pay wages, rent, and other operating costs
in Mexican pesos. The subsidiary will remit earnings monthly to the parent.
a. Would Alaska’s cash flows be favorably or unfavorably affected if the Mexican peso depreciates
over time?
ANSWER: Alaska’s cash flows would be favorably affected, because it has only cash outflows in
b. Assume that Alaska considers partial financing of this subsidiary with peso loans from Mexican
banks instead of providing all the financing with its own funds. Would this alternative form of
financing increase, decrease, or have no effect on the degree to which Alaska is exposed to
exchange rate movements of the peso?
ANSWER: Alaska’s subsidiary already has cash outflows in pesos with no cash inflows in pesos. The
13. Hedging Continual Exposure. Consider this common real-world dilemma by many firms that rely on
exporting. Clearlake Inc. produces its products in its factory in Texas, and exports most of the
products to Mexico each month. The exports are denominated in pesos. Clearlake Inc. recognizes that
hedging on a monthly basis does not really protect against long-term movements in exchange rates. It
also recognizes that it could eliminate its transaction exposure by denominating the exports in dollars,
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Managing Economic Exposure and Translation Exposure 5
but that it still would have economic exposure (because Mexican consumers would reduce demand if
the peso weakened). Clearlake Inc. does not know how many pesos it will receive in the future, so it
would have difficulty even if a long-term hedging method were available. How can Clearlake
realistically deal with this dilemma and reduce its exposure over the long-term? [There is no perfect
solution, but in the real world, there rarely are perfect solutions.]
ANSWER: Clearlake Inc. could consider producing its products within Mexico and selling them
locally. It may be able to reduce its costs, and now would have some expenses denominated in pesos
An alternative strategy is that it obtain loans denominated in pesos that it can use to finance its
existing operations. Its interest expenses in pesos would offset a portion of the peso revenue it
14. Sources of Supplies and Exposure to Exchange Rate Risk. Laguna Co. (a U.S. firm) will be
receiving 4 million British pounds in one year. It will need to make a payment of 3 million Polish
zloty in one year. It has no other exchange rate risk at this time. However, it needs to buy supplies and
can purchase them from Switzerland, Hong Kong, Canada, or Ecuador. Another alternative is that it
could also purchase one-fourth of the supplies from each of the 4 countries mentioned in the previous
sentence. The supplies will be invoiced in the currency of the country where they are imported from.
Laguna Co. believes that none of the sources of the imports would provide a clear cost advantage. As
of today, the dollar cost of these supplies would be about $6 million regardless of the source that will
provide the supplies.
The spot rates today are as follows:
British pound=$1.80
Swiss franc=$.60
Polish zloty=$.30
Hong Kong dollar=$.14
Canadian dollar =$.60
The movements of the pound and the Swiss franc and the Polish zloty against the dollar are highly
correlated. The Hong Kong dollar is tied to the U.S. dollar and you expect that it will continue to be
tied to the dollar. The movements in the value of Canadian dollar against the U.S. dollar are not
correlated with the movements of other currencies. Ecuador uses the U.S. dollar as its local currency.
Which alternative should Laguna Co. select in order to minimize its overall exchange rate risk?
ANSWER: After one year, assuming that today’s spot rates hold as the spot rates one year from now,
4 million British pounds converts to an addition of $7,200,000 US dollars and the 3 million Polish
zloty converts to a subtraction of $900,000. The net amount is $6,300,000. The best alternative is to
purchase all the supplies from Switzerland as Switzerland’s currency is highly correlated with the US
15. Minimizing Exposure. Lola Co. is (a U.S. firm) that expects to receive 10 million euros in one
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Managing Economic Exposure and Translation Exposure 6
year. It does not plan to hedge this transaction with a forward contract or other hedging techniques.
This is its only international business, and it is not exposed to any other form of exchange rate risk.
Lola Co. plans to purchase materials for future operations and it will send its payment for these
materials in one year. The value of the materials to be purchased is about equal to the expected value
of the receivables. Lola Co. can purchase the materials from Switzerland, Hong Kong, Canada, or the
U.S. Another alternative is that it could also purchase one-fourth of the materials from each of the 4
countries mentioned in the previous sentence. The supplies will be invoiced in the currency of the
country from which they are imported.
The movements of the euro and the Swiss franc against the dollar are highly correlated and will
continue to be highly correlated. The Hong Kong dollar is tied to the U.S. dollar and you expect that it
will continue to be tied to the dollar. The movements in the value of Canadian dollar against the U.S.
dollar are independent of (not correlated with) the movements of other currencies against the U.S.
dollar. Lola Co. believes that none of the sources of the imports would provide a clear cost advantage.
Which alternative should Lola Co. select for obtaining supplies that will minimize its overall
exchange rate risk?
ANSWER: Lola Co. should purchase materials from Switzerland, because if the Swiss franc
16. Financing to Reduce Exchange Rate Exposure. Nashville Co. presently incurs costs of about 12
million Australian dollars (A$) per year due to research and development expenses in Australia. The
parent company sells the products that are designed each year, and all of products sold each year
would be invoiced in U.S. dollars. Nashville anticipates revenue of about $20 million per year and
about half of the revenue would be from sales to customers in Australia. An Australian dollar is
presently valued at $1 (1 U.S. dollar), but it fluctuates a lot over time. Nashville Co. is planning a new
project in which it will expand its sales to other regions within the U.S. and the sales will be invoiced
in dollars. Nashville can finance this project with a 5-year loan by (1) borrowing only Australian
dollars, or (2) borrowing only U.S. dollars, or (3) borrowing one-half of the funds from each of these
sources. The 5-year interest rates on an Australian dollar loan and U.S. dollar loan are the same.
a. If Nashville wants to use the form of financing that will reduce its exposure to exchange rate risk
the most, what is the optimal form of financing? Briefly explain (this means that one or two sentences
should be sufficient if your explanation is clear).
b. Now assume that Nashville expects that the Australian dollar will appreciate over time. Suppose
the company wants to maximize its expected net present value of this project and is not concerned
about its exposure to exchange rate risk. Under these conditions, which financing alternative is most
appropriate. Briefly explain.
ANSWER:
a. Nashville Co. should finance the project with U.S. dollars. It already has net cash outflows in A$ so
Solution to Continuing Case Problem: Blades, Inc.
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Managing Economic Exposure and Translation Exposure 7
1. How will Blades be negatively affected by the high level of inflation in Thailand if the Thai customer
renews its commitment for another three years?
ANSWER: If the Thai customer renews its commitment for another three years, the price Blades
receives in baht would continue to be fixed. Conversely, Blades’ cost of goods sold incurred in
2. Holt believes that the Thai importer will renew its commitment in two years. Do you think his
assessment is correct? Why or why not? Also, assume that the Thai economy returns to the high
growth level that existed prior to the recent unfavorable economic events. Under this assumption,
how likely is it that the Thai importer will renew its commitment in two years?
ANSWER: Before renewing its commitment to purchase a fixed number of products at a fixed price
from Blades, the Thai importer would have to assess the advantages and disadvantages of such an
arrangement. If the Thai level of inflation continues to be high, the retailer has the advantage of
If the Thai economy returns to a high growth level, the Thai customer will probably renew its
3. For each of the three possible values of the Thai baht and the British pound, use a spreadsheet to
estimate cash flows for the next year. Briefly comment on the level of Blades’ economic exposure.
Ignore possible tax effects.
ANSWER: (See spreadsheet attached.) Blades, Inc. does not appear to be subject to a high level of
economic exposure based on the analysis. Nevertheless, a depreciation of the Thai baht by 10 percent
THB=$0.0220 THB=$0.0209 THB=$0.0198
BP=$1.530 BP=$1.485 BP=$1.500
Sales
(1) U.S. (520,000 units × $120/pair) $ 62,400,000 $ 62,400,000 $ 62,400,000
(2) Thai (180,000 units × THB4,594 ×
Exchange Rate)
$ 18,192,240 $ 17,282,628 $ 16,373,016
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Managing Economic Exposure and Translation Exposure 8
4. Now repeat your analysis in question 3 but assume that the British pound and the Thai baht are
perfectly correlated. For example, if the baht depreciates by 5 percent, the pound will also depreciate
by 5 percent. Under this assumption, is Blades subject to a greater degree of economic exposure?
Why or why not?
ANSWER: (See spreadsheet attached.) If the British pound and the Thai baht are perfectly
correlated, Blades’ level of economic exposure increases. This is because Blades generates inflows in
both pounds and baht. Under this scenario, a depreciation of the pound and the baht by 10 percent
would reduce Blades’ net cash flows by approximately 11 percent.
THB=$0.0220 THB=$0.0209 THB=$0.0198
BP=$1.50 BP=$1.425 BP=$1.350
5. Based on your answers to the previous three questions, what actions could Blades take to reduce its
level of economic exposure to Thailand?
ANSWER: There are several actions Blades could take. The analysis above illustrates that economic
exposure can be reduced by conducting its international business in countries whose currencies are
not highly correlated. Thus, Blades could be exporting to or importing from other countries besides
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Managing Economic Exposure and Translation Exposure 9
Solution to Supplemental Case: Madison Co.
a. While economic exposure adversely affected the firm’s performance in a recent period, it should
favorably affect the firm’s performance in the future. A weak Canadian dollar (which has been
forecasted) would favorably affect Madison, Inc. under the prevailing operational structure. If the
structure is revised, Madison will be less exposed to the Canadian dollar’s exchange rate movements.
Therefore, it will not benefit as much from the weaker Canadian dollar. Economic exposure can be
beneficial when currencies move in a particular direction. The shareholders would be better off if the
firm remains exposed while the Canadian dollar is expected to weaken.
One may argue that the Vice-president should also be better off if Madison remains exposed, based on
the forecast of the Canadian dollar. However, a counter argument is that the Vice-president may be
better off if economic exposure is reduced. If by chance the Canadian dollar unexpectedly continued
to appreciate, Madison’s earnings would be adversely affected, and the Vice-president could lose his
job. This issue usually generates much classroom discussion. Students should attempt to put
themselves in the place of the Vice-president. If the Vice-president does not receive a bonus tied to
earnings, he may prefer a strategy that is least risky in order to preserve his job (even if this strategy
conflicts with satisfying shareholders).
b. The prevailing operational structure allows the firm to benefit from a weaker Canadian dollar. Yet, if
the Canadian dollar appreciates, the Vice-president could be fired. Thus, the Vice-president may
choose a structure that reduces economic exposure, even though the expected earnings are reduced.
Shareholders would have preferred that Madison remained exposed, since the expected return is
higher, and do not suffer the same severe consequences as the Vice-president if the Canadian dollar
appreciates.
If the Vice-president’s compensation was somewhat tied to earnings, there would be less chance of a
conflict of interests. The Vice-president would be more encouraged to preserve the exposure because
he would directly realize some of the benefits resulting from higher performance. In addition, the
firm should have an implicit policy that does not place all the blame on the Vice-president if the
policy of maintaining the prevailing structure backfires. If the Canadian dollar appreciates and
earnings are adversely affected, is the poor performance the fault of the Vice-president? Is it the fault
of the employees that developed the forecasts of the Canadian dollar? These issues generate
interesting discussions. It should be emphasized that employees should not be fired any time they
incorrectly forecast a currency to move in a particular direction. And the Vice-president should not be
fired when his decision was based on input from others that he thought was reliable.
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Managing Economic Exposure and Translation Exposure 10
Small Business Dilemma
Hedging the Sports Exports Company’s Economic Exposure to Exchange Rate Risk
1. How could Logan adjust his operations to reduce his economic exposure? What is a possible
disadvantage of such an adjustment?
ANSWER: Jim could determine whether the material could be purchased from a British
manufacturer, so that he would have some payables in pounds to offset some of the receivables in
2. Offer another solution to hedging the economic exposure in the long run as Jim’s business grows.
What are disadvantages of this solution?
ANSWER: Jim may attempt to hire a person in the United Kingdom to do the production there.
One disadvantage is that Jim is no longer producing the footballs himself, and may have difficulty
Part 3—Integrative Problem
Exchange Rate Risk Management
Vogl Company is a U.S. firm conducting a financial plan for the next year. It has no foreign subsidiaries,
but more than half of its sales are from exports. Its foreign cash inflows to be received from exporting and
cash outflows to be paid for imported supplies over the next year are shown in the following table:
Currency Total Inflow Total Outflow
Canadian dollars (C$) C$32,000,000 C$2,000,000
The spot rates and one-year forward rates as of today are:
Currency Spot Rate One-Year Forward Rate
C$ $ .90 $ .93
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Managing Economic Exposure and Translation Exposure 11
S$ .65 .64
1. Based on the information provided, determine the net exposure of each foreign currency in dollars.
ANSWER:
Currency Net Inflow or Outflow
Spot
Exchange
Rate
Net Inflow or Outflow
Measured in Dollars
Canadian dollars (C$) C$30,000,000Inflow $.90 $27,000,000 Inflow
New Zealand dollars (NZ$) NZ$4,000,000Inflow .60 2,400,000 Inflow
2. Assume that today’s spot rate is used as a forecast of the future spot rate one year from now. The
New Zealand dollar, Mexican peso, and Singapore dollar are expected to move in tandem against the
U.S. dollar over the next year. The Canadian dollar’s movements are expected to be unrelated to
movements of the other currencies. Since exchange rates are difficult to predict, the forecasted net
dollar cash flows per currency may be inaccurate. Do you anticipate any offsetting exchange rate
effects from whatever exchange rate movements do occur? Explain.
ANSWER: The New Zealand dollar, Mexican peso, and Singapore dollar are expected to move in
tandem. The dollar value of exposure on net inflows is about equal to the dollar value of exposure on
3. Given the forecast of the Canadian dollar along with the forward rate of the Canadian dollar, what is
the expected increase or decrease in dollar cash flows that would result from hedging the net cash
flows in Canadian dollars? Would you hedge the Canadian dollar position?
ANSWER: The expected dollar cash flows from hedging the net cash flows of C$30,000,000
(inflow) is C$30,000,000 × $.93 = $27,900,000. This is $900,000 more than the dollars that would be
received without hedging (assuming that the forecasted spot rate for one year ahead is accurate). It is
4. Assume that the Canadian dollar net inflows may range from C$20,000,000 to C$40,000,000 over the
next year. Explain the risk of hedging C$30,000,000 in net inflows. How can Vogl Company avoid
such a risk? Is there any tradeoff resulting from your strategy to avoid that risk?
ANSWER: If the C$ received are less than the amount to be sold by the firm as specified in the
forward contract, the firm will have to purchase some C$ in the spot market. For example, if the firm
The firm can avoid this risk by only hedging the transaction amount that it knows will occur.
However, this may prevent the firm from hedging the full transaction, which means it will not be
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Managing Economic Exposure and Translation Exposure 12
5. Vogl Company recognizes that its year-to-year hedging strategy hedges the risk only over a given
year, and does not insulate it from long-term trends in the Canadian dollar’s value. It has considered
establishing a subsidiary in Canada. The goods would be sent from the U.S. to the Canadian
subsidiary and distributed by the subsidiary. The proceeds received would be reinvested by the
Canadian subsidiary in Canada. In this way, Vogl Company would not have to convert Canadian
dollars to U.S. dollars each year. Has Vogl eliminated its exposure to exchange rate risk by using this
strategy? Explain.
ANSWER: Vogl may avoid the year–to-year hedging decision with this strategy but is increasing its
exposure to the C$ over time. It is essentially reinvesting the proceeds in the same currency, thereby
compounding the exposure over time. Someday, the parent may need these funds, and the C$ may be
even weaker by the time the funds are sent to the parent. In essence, this strategy defers the
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