978-0538731089 Chapter 18 Solution Manual

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Chapter 18

Maintaining Work and Life Balance: The Key to a Healthy Lifestyle

JUMP START

Scientists are uncovering that chronic stress can be bad for productivity and even take years off

your life. Discuss with students how the American culture values hard work and the fact that

many organizations value those who sacrifice everything to do their job. Ask them how they

think these scientific findings on stress will impact our value system in the coming years.

Answers to Jump Start Questions

Answers will vary, but point out to students that, while work can cause stress, so can life away

from the job. They are ultimately responsible for assuring they have reduced their stress to the

minimum possible in order to perform productively at home and at work.

CHAPTER PREVIEW

OBJECTIVES

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

18.1 Appreciate the importance of work life balance.

18.2 Understand stress and its side effects.

18.3 Describe the effects of substance abuse on job performance

18.4 Develop a plan for effective time management.

18.5 Carry out sound health practices.

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

I. The importance of work-life balance

A. Forces pushing work-life balance

1. Demographics

2. Technology

3. The meaning of work

B. Costs of work life imbalance

1. Costs of health insurance

2. Absenteeism

3. Presenteeism

D. Ask yourself

II. Defining stress and its side effects

A. Origins of stress

B. Stress overload

C. In the News

D. Ask Yourself

(Supplementary Exercise 18.1 with T.M. 18.1)

III. Substance abuse and job performance

A. Alcohol and its abuse

B. Global Connection

C. Commonly abused drugs

1. Cannaboids

2. Depressants

3. Dissociative anesthetics

Chapter 17 Maintaining Balance: Work and Life 1

4. Hallucinogens

5. Opioids and morphine derivatives

6. Stimulants

7. Other compounds

D. Fighting substance abuse at work

E. Coming to terms with substance abuse

F. Dealing with abusers at work

G. Ethics Connection

H. Ask Yourself

(Supplementary Exercise 18.2)

IV. Effective time management

A. Assessing how you spend your time

B. Identifying time-wasters

1. Lack of planning

2. Drop-in or casual visitors

3. Procrastination

4. Telephone games

5. Addiction to electronic communications

6. Meetings

C. Technology Connection

D. Putting it all together

E. Ask Yourself

(Supplementary Exercise 18.3 with T.M. 18.2)

(Application 1—Alice in Wonderful Land)

(Application 2—Watch Out From Behind!)

V. Sound health practices

A. Weight management

B. In the News

B. Making healthy choices

1. Limit the consumption of caffeine

2. Stop smoking

3. Cut back on multi-tasking

3. Exercise

4. Relaxation

(Supplementary Exercise 18.4)

5. Leisure

6. Reducing stressful thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors

C. Ask Yourself

(Human Relations in Action)

TEACHING-LEARNING SUGGESTIONS

18. The Importance of Work-Life Balance

Finding work-life balance is important for today’s worker. Failing to achieve balance can lead to

stress, poor health, and ultimately, poor work performance Organizations are interested in the

well-being of their employees, not only because it increases productivity and reduces insurance

costs from stress related illnesses, but also because it raises morale, enhances recruitment efforts,

and helps the organization remain competitive or increase its image in its industry. Benefits

offered vary from flex-time to on-site fitness centers to concierge services.

2 Human Relations—Instructor’s Resource CD

Answers to Ask Yourself

1. Our culture was founded on the premise of sacrifice and hard work. Most of the formal

2. Organizations face barriers such as (1) executives who do not believe in work-life benefits

3. Answers will vary. Point out that those who work long hours may not be as productive

18.2 Defining Stress and Its Side Effects

Stress is a physical response to environmental pressures. Any challenge, physical or

psychological, triggers a stress reaction. When humans become stressed, a series of biochemical

changes occurs, and the body’s system is thrown out of balance. Stress can be caused by either

good or bad events. Chemical stressors, such as too much caffeine, cigarette smoke, or any other

substance that affects the body’s response systems, can also contribute to becoming “stressed

out.”

Answers to In the News

1. Answers will vary. Remind students how stressful home life events such as death, divorce,

2. Answers will vary. Many students may respond that they stress eat, which could eventually

Supplementary Exercise 18.1

The instructor asks students to make a list of pressures or anxieties they are feeling that contribute

to their stress level. Have the students identify whether these pressures are self-induced or caused

by external stimuli. Using Teaching Master 18.1, have students organize their thoughts and

develop an action plan for how they might effectively reduce or eliminate the pressures. Students

should integrate some of the methods for reducing stress discussed in the chapter into their action

plans. Ask students to follow their action plans for one week and report the results during a later

class session. Also, ask students to describe the benefits, if any, that resulted from their following

the action plan.

Answers to Ask Yourself

1. Answers will vary. Remind students that technology has increased the rate of change in the

2. Answers will vary. Remind students that increasing globalization and changing technology

Chapter 17 Maintaining Balance: Work and Life 3

3. Answers will vary. Point out that organizations will never be able to provide a stress-free

18.3 Substance Abuse and Job Performance

Substance abuse is the misuse of alcohol, illegal drugs, or prescription drugs. Substance abuse,

including health and crime-related costs as well as lowered productivity, costs U.S. businesses in

excess of half a trillion dollars annually. For this reason, many organizations fight substance

abuse through drug testing, employee education programs, and employee assistance programs.

Understanding the short-term and long-term effects of substance abuse is important because you

not only need to deal with your own issues but those of co-workers as well. Substance abuse can

affect relationships, finances, work performance, and health. There are many confidential

treatments and counseling services to help with drug abuse. Steps can be taken to control the

amount of alcohol consumed socially, but persons with severe abuse problems should

permanently abstain from alcohol. Denial is the biggest way people avoid their problem with

substance abuse.

It may be difficult to report a coworker or supervisor for substance abuse. But if you do not, you

are enabling them, allowing their abuse to continue, and therefore helping them to avoid dealing

with their problem. The best way to help abusers is to confront them and offer support.

Answers to Global Connection

1. Answers will vary. Remind students that once they leave the United States, they are subject to

2. If you are traveling for a company, consult the human resource department and the U.S.

Answers to Ethics Connection

1. Answers will vary. The reason it is not recognized is most likely because the poor quality and

2. Answers will vary. Discuss with students whether they owe their employer a fair day’s work

3. Answers will vary. This is a difficult question because if alcohol is being abused, its

Answers to Ask Yourself

1. As Americans, we believe we should be able to “pull ourselves up by the boot straps,” and

2. Answers will vary. Remind students, however, that EAPs go to exceptional lengths to protect

3. Answers will vary. Have students research United Way or other nonprofit agencies in the

4. Denial is the crutch substance abusers use to justify continuing their consumption of drugs or

5. Actions that are enabling include overlooking poor performance or absences, making excuses

4 Human Relations—Instructor’s Resource CD

Supplementary Exercise 18.2

Have a representative from the mental health community speak to the class concerning the cause

and effect of stress, the dangers of substance abuse, and the importance of learning to reduce

stressful thoughts, attitudes, and behavior.

18.4 Effective Time Management

Effective time management is simply maximizing the time that we have to our greatest

advantage. When we are in control of our time, we perform better, feel better about ourselves, and

suffer fewer stress-related illnesses. Lack of planning, drop-in visitors, telephone games,

procrastination, addiction to electronic communication, meetings, over commitment, fighting

brushfires, personal disorganization, the inability to say “no,” and television are among the most

frequent time-wasters. If you are in charge of the meeting, you can help save yourself and others

time by providing a written agenda. A planned agenda is an outline or list of what is to be

discussed or accomplished during the meeting. A hidden agenda consists of topics that attendees

wish to discuss that have no relevance to the purpose of your meeting.

Answers to Technology Connection

1. By being able to check someone else’s availability you can quickly set appointments rather

2. Remind students that there is always a learning curve when adapting to new technology. If

devices can be a time waster.

Supplementary Exercise 18.3

The instructor asks students to keep a time log of their activities for the following week using the

example time log on Teaching Master 18.2. Copies of the time log can be reproduced as handouts

for the students’ use. The instructor should encourage students to keep accurate records of their

daily activities to assess accurately their time use and identify the major time-wasters. Ask

students to review their time logs before the next class session and to prepare a list of major time-

wasters and how they might plan to improve their time management. Allow time for open

discussion of their findings during the next class session.

Answers to Ask Yourself

1. Efficient is being orderly and adept. You can work on a project efficiently. Being effective

2. Answers will vary. Encourage students to make an honest self-evaluation and write an action

18.5 Making Healthy Choices

You can take responsibility for your own health by eating a balanced diet, maintaining an

appropriate weight, limiting alcohol consumption, not smoking, and developing a mind-set that

Chapter 17 Maintaining Balance: Work and Life 5

allows you to relax and enjoy leisure time while limiting stressful thoughts, attitudes, and

behaviors.

Answers In the News

1. Answers will vary.

2. Answers will vary. Other suggested methods could be a subsidized cafeteria with

Supplementary Exercise 18.4

The instructor conducts the following mini-relaxation technique in a low, slow monotone voice:

Close your eyes and concentrate on breathing slowly and deeply into the lower part of

your chest.

As you exhale, imagine the tenseness leaving you.

Begin to concentrate on your toes and feet, telling yourself that they are relaxing. Think

slowly and deliberately. Concentrate on relaxing and breathing until your toes and feet

feel thoroughly relaxed.

Now focus on your legs and hips. As you exhale, feel the tension leaving them.

After your legs and hips are totally relaxed, feel your chest and stomach relaxing.

Continue to breathe deeply, exhaling the tension.

Feel your arms and hands. Breathe deeply. Exhale the tension.

Now your head and neck. Feel the relaxed state move into your neck as you exhale the

tension.

Ideas for peaceful settings to describe:

Lying on your back watching the clouds.

Lying on a float in a lake with the water gently rocking you.

Lying on the beach with the roar of the ocean and breeze caressing you.

Sitting in a chair watching the sun go down behind the mountains.

Have the students loosen any tight clothing and get as comfortable as possible in the classroom.

Direct them through the initial relaxation method, elaborating on as many points as possible.

After the students appear fully relaxed, follow with the visual imagery technique for further

relaxation. Graphically describe a peaceful setting and elaborate on details that might put the

student participants closer to actually feeling the stress and tension leaving their bodies as they

enjoy the visual imagery of the chosen location. The instructor might add audiotapes or

recordings of compatible sounds for greater effects. Slowly bring the students back to the

classroom setting by inviting them to return to the classroom environment feeling relaxed and

stress free. The instructor might ask students to share how they feel and what sensations helped

them to relax.

Answers to Ask Yourself

1. Answers will vary. Point out that some companies do, in fact, refuse to hire smokers.

2. Answers will vary. Explain that the Americans with Disabilities Act only covers those who

KEY TERM DEFINITIONS

6 Human Relations—Instructor’s Resource CD

work-life balance a comfortable equilibrium between what you do at work and what you do

outside of work for yourself and with friends and family.

health and productivity programs organizational programs that address safety and

emotional health as well as physical health and wellness.

stress The physical state of the body in response to the environmental pressures that produce

emotional discomfort.

substance abuse The misuse of alcohol, illegal drugs, and prescription drugs.

alcohol The most commonly abused drug in the country; alcohol is a depressant that slows the

activity of the brain and spinal cord.

cannaboids substances, including marijuana and hashish that cause euphoria, slowed thinking

and reaction time as well as impaired balance and coordination. These substances are addictive

and can lead to coughs, frequent respiratory infections, impaired memory and learning, increased

heart rate, anxiety, and panic attacks.

depressants a class of drugs that can reduce anxiety, deliver a feeling of well-being, and

lower inhibitions as well as slow your pulse and breathing, lower blood pressure, cause

poor concentration, fatigue, and confusion, and impair coordination, memory, and

judgment. These drugs can lead to addiction, respiratory depression and arrest, and death

dissociative anesthetics These drugs can cause increased heart rate and blood pressure,

impaired motor functioning and memory loss, numbness, nausea, and vomiting. At high

doses they can cause delirium, depression, and respiratory depression and arrest.

hallucinogens These drug can alter states of perception and feeling as well as cause nausea

and persisting flash backs.

opioids and morphine derivatives This class of drugs induces drowsiness, confusion, and

sedation while leading to addiction, tolerance, nausea, respiratory depression and arrest,

unconsciousness, coma, and death

stimulants A class of drugs that increase the heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism,

leading to feelings of exhilaration, energy, and increased mental alertness. They also cause

rapid or irregular heartbeat, reduced appetite, weight loss, heart failure, nervousness, and

insomnia

anabolic steroids These drugs have no intoxication effects but can cause hypertension,

blood clotting and cholesterol changes, liver cysts and cancer, kidney cancer, hostility and

aggression, and acne.

Dextromethorphan or DXM This drug causes distorted visual perceptions as well as

complete dissociative effects.

Inhalants Solvents, gases, and nitrites that, when inhaled, can cause stimulation, a loss of

inhibition, headache, nausea or vomiting, slurred speech, loss of motor coordination,

wheezing, unconsciousness, cramps, weight loss, muscle weakness, depression, memory

impairment, damage to cardiovascular and nervous systems, and sudden death.

pre-employment drug testing A test given to job applicants to determine whether they have

drugs in their systems. Applicants who do not pass the test or who refuse to take it are not hired.

expected interval testing The process of giving drug tests at specific, preannounced times.

random interval testing The process of giving drug tests to employees at varying and

unannounced times.

“for cause” testing Drug testing of employees only when they are suspected of being under the

influence of drugs or alcohol.

treatment follow-up testing Drug testing given to monitor an employee’s success in remaining

drug free after being allowed to complete a substance abuse treatment program rather than be

terminated.

Chapter 17 Maintaining Balance: Work and Life 7

enabling Covering up for or making excuses for the behavior and performance of individuals

who are abusing substances, allowing them to continue their disruptive conduct.

time management Using the time available to the greatest advantage.

procrastination The intentional putting off or delaying of activities that need to be done.

planned agenda An outline or list of what topics are to be discussed or what is to be

accomplished during a meeting.

hidden agenda Topics that meeting attendees wish to discuss that have no relevance to the

purpose of the current meeting.

workaholics Persons who are consumed by their jobs and derive little pleasure from other

activities.

Type A personalities Persons who tend to be highly competitive, aggressive, achievement-

oriented, and impatient and typically appear pressured, hurried, and volatile.

Type B personalities Persons who tend to be relaxed, easygoing, and even-paced in their

approach to life.