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Chapter 7: Forms of Reasoning
ACTIVITY #7.1: CREATING ARGUMENTS. (To reinforce the different forms of reasoning and provide experience
making arguments.)
STEP 1: Review the forms of reasoning. Remind students of what each form is, projecting the material below
on the screen if possible.
REASONING BY EXAMPLE:
REASONING BY ANALOGY
SIGN REASONING
STEP 2: Break into five or more groups. (If there are more than five groups, some groups will get the same instructions,
which provides more examples. The size of the groups should probably be three or four students.)
STEP 3: Give each group one of the forms of reasoning and exercise instructions (below).
Group 1: Your group is to make up an argument about a significant issue, using reasoning by example. Try
to make the argument clear and easy to follow, but also make it complete. The argument should be at least five
sentences in length. Write it as one or more paragraphs, not as a syllogism. Put your names on this paper, write
Group 2: Your group is to make up an argument about a significant issue, using reasoning by analogy. Try to
make the argument clear and easy to follow, but also make it complete. The argument should be at least five
Group 3: Your group is to make up an argument about a significant issue, using causal reasoning. Try to
make the argument clear and easy to follow, but also make it complete. The argument should be at least five
sentences in length. Write it as one or more paragraphs, not as a syllogism. Put your names on this paper, write
Group 4: Your group is to make up an argument about a significant issue, using reasoning by sign. Try to
make the argument clear and easy to follow, but also make it complete. The argument should be at least five
sentences in length. Write it as one or more paragraphs, not as a syllogism. Put your names on this paper, write
Group 5: Your group is to make up an argument about a significant issue, using reasoning by criteria. Try to
make the argument clear and easy to follow, but also make it complete. The argument should be at least five
sentences in length. Write it as one or more paragraphs, not as a syllogism. Put your names on this paper, write
FORMS OF REASONING CRITERIA
REASONING BY EXAMPLE:
ANALOGY
CAUSAL REASONING
