CHAPTER 5
Musical Texture
OVERVIEW
The intermingling of melody and harmony provides the basis of musical texture. More
specifically, texture can be described as monophonic, homophonic, polyphonic, or
homorhythmic, depending on how harmony and melody interact with one another in a musical
passage. This chapter introduces students to the basic types of textures in Western art music.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. To understand texture as the interweaving of melody with harmony
2. To understand and identify the basic textures of monophony, homophony, polyphony, and
homorhythm
3. To understand and identify the contrapuntal devices of imitation, canon. and round
LECTURE SUGGESTIONS
1. After defining monophonic, polyphonic, homophonic, and homorhythmic texture, play the
following selections for the class:
Hildegard von Bingen: Kyrie
J. S. Bach: Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring (at 0:20)
Haydn: Surprise Symphony, II (opening phrase)
Handel: opening of the “Hallelujah Chorus” from Messiah
After playing each excerpt, pause and ask the class how many melodic lines they can
identify. Which excerpts correspond to which of the four textures? Replay the excerpts to
confirm correct responses or clarify wrong ones. Most likely the polyphonic (Bach) and
homorhythmic (Handel) excerpts will cause confusion for some students. In this case,
display on the board the musical notation of the examples, and ask students to count how
many independent melodic lines they see and hear as the music plays. Again, replay the
excerpts to confirm correct responses or clarify wrong ones.
2. Divide the class into two groups. Have the class stand up and direct them to sing Row, Row,
Row Your Boat as a two-part round. Explain the musical result as imitation in the form of a
canon.
ASSIGNMENT SUGGESTIONS
1. Identify the musical textures of the following selections. Pay close attention to how many
melodic lines you are hearing:
Grieg: Åse’s Death from Peer Gynt
J. S. Bach: Contrapunctus I, from The Art of Fugue
Ravel: Boléro
Gota (Ghana, West Africa) (first 20 seconds)
2. The African American spiritual Swing Low, Swing Chariot, as performed and recorded in
the online playlist, contains contrasting musical passages that explore three different
textures (monophony, homophony, and homorhythm). Which textures do you hear? When
do you hear the shift from one texture to another? Use the minute and second timings in the
track (0:00) to record the shifts in texture.
TEACHING CHALLENGES
Distinguishing polyphony and homophony (and homorhythm) may be difficult for students with
little or no musical background. As with previous chapters from Part I, visual models can be helpful
in demonstrating the sound and composition of different musical textures. Many animated videos
online explore the musical textures of different pieces of classical music, using lines, shapes,
patterns, and colors. Stephen Malinkowski (username smalin”) is the most popular creator of these
animations, using a software application he calls the Music Animation Machine
(http://www.youtube.com/user/smalin). For a great polyphonic animation, see Malinkowski’s
version of the fugue from J. S. Bach’s Fantasy and Fugue in A minor, BWV 904 at
http://youtu.be/dFDx-L7PcrY. For a homophonic example, see the animation for Satie’s
Gnossienne No. 1 at http://youtu.be/YtbrR9p2CiM.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Musical Texture (Chapter 5)
I. Types of Texture
A. Monophony
1. a single voice (sung or instrumental)
2. one line of music without harmonic accompaniment
B. Polyphony
1. two or more melodic lines of equal importance are combined
2. based on counterpoint: one line set against another
C. Homophony
1. melody (primary focus) with subordinate accompanying harmonies
2. traditional and popular music
3. homorhythm: all voices move together in same rhythm
a. vertical conception; hymns
b. melody: most obvious line
D. Textures may vary within a composition
II. Contrapuntal Devices
A.Types of polyphony
1. imitation: melodic idea presented in one voice, restated in another
2. canon: strict imitation
3. round: perpetual canon (e.g., Row, Row, Row Your Boat)