CHAPTER 31
Making it Real: Mozart and Classical Opera
OVERVIEW
Opera in the Classical era is the subject of Chapter 31, with Mozart’s Don Giovanni singled out
for its effective combination of opera seria and buffa elements. The result is a dramatic
masterpiece that tempers the gravity typical of seria plots with the simpler and more down-to
earth buffa style.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. To understand opera seria and opera buffa as the two competing styles of opera during the
Classical era
2. To understand the second scene from Act I of Don Giovanni as an example of Mozart’s
uncanny ability to mix the serious with the comic in a powerfully dramatic way
LECTURE SUGGESTIONS
1. Show contrasting scenes from an eighteenth-century opera buffa and an opera seria to
illustrate the musical and dramatic contrasts between the two genres. Typical examples
include Pergolesi’s comic intermezzo La serva padrona (opera buffa) and Handel’s account
of the Julius Caesar and Cleopatra story in his Giulio Cesare in Egitto.
2. Ask the class to characterize the seria and buffa storyline elements of the first two scenes
from Act I of Don Giovanni. Who are the comic characters? Who are the serious
characters? How would you characterize Don Giovanni?
3. Have students form small groups to read a synopsis of Don Giovanni and note the seria and
buffa elements in the story line. Ask the groups to share their answers with the rest of the
class. Next, have students try to adapt the story of Don Giovanni to modern times, either as
a news story or a fictional scenario for a movie or television series. Although students
should reassign the characters of Don Giovanni to analogous characters in the modern story,
emphasize that the figure of Don Giovanni doesn’t necessarily have to be a lothario-type
character but rather someone who is engaged in some morally questionable activity. Invite
groups to share their new adaptations with the class.
ASSIGNMENT SUGGESTIONS
1. Like Shakespeare, Mozart and his librettist Lorenzo da Ponte combined serious and comic
elements to craft timeless dramatic works (including Don Giovanni) that are known and
loved today around the world. The tradition of effectively combining the serious with the
comic continues to proliferate in film and television today, in such movies as O Brother,
Where Art Thou? and in television shows like Louie and Arrested Development. Can you
think of some other examples of films or television shows that unite the comic and serious
in similarly effective ways? How did the screenwriters, directors, and actors achieve this?
Do you remember the music soundtrack to your examples? How did the music contribute to
or reflect the comic and serious elements of the film?
2. As has been explored throughout Part 4 of the textbook, form plays a central role in
instrumental music of the Classical era. In listening to Act I, scene 2 of Don Giovanni,
describe what role form plays? Do you recognize any features of the standard Classical
forms covered in earlier chapters? Which ones and where? What about the standard
Baroque vocal music design, the da capo aria? Do you detect any traces of the da capo
design in Don Giovanni? What is the dramatic effect of Mozart’s formal choices?
TEACHING CHALLENGES
As noted in the textbook, the story of Don Giovanni will likely offend students in your class.
Open a discussion about interpreting the story as irony, satire, or social commentary. Discuss
with your class the potentially healthy social messages (if any) that emerge from Don Giovanni
through such readings.
SUPPLEMENTAL REPERTORY
Mozart: Le nozze di Figaro (The Marriage of Figaro)
Mozart: Così fan tutte (They Are All Like That)
SUPPLEMENTAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brown-Montesano, Kristi. Understanding the Women of Mozart’s Operas. Berkeley and Los
Angeles: University of California Press, 2007. A study of the female characters from
Mozart’s best-known operas and how they have communicated perceptions of gender to
audiences since the operas’ premieres. Donna Anna and Donna Elvira are the subjects of the
first two chapters.
Hunter, Mary, and James Webster. Opera Buffa in Mozart’s Vienna. Cambridge and New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1997. A collection of essays addressing the historical, social,
and literary contexts of opera buffa in the Vienna of Mozart’s time. Jessica Waldoff’s “Don
Giovanni: Recognition Denied” tackles the issue of buffa versus seria in Don Giovanni.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Making it Real: Mozart and Classical Opera (Chapter 31)
I. Classical Opera
A. Opera seria: “serious” Italian opera
1. inherited from Baroque tradition
2. aristocratic audience
3. recitatives and arias display virtuosity of star singers
4. stories from classical antiquity: kings and heroes
B. Opera buffa: comic opera
1. simpler style, popular throughout Europe
2. reflected human emotions more realistically
3. supported by rising merchant class
4. sung in the vernacular
a. lively, down-to-earth plots
b. farcical situations, humorous dialogue, popular tunes
c. exciting ensembles at end of each act
5. important social force: satirized aristocracy
6. culminated in works of Mozart
C. Mozart’s Don Giovanni (Don Juan)
1. elements of opera buffa and opera seria
2. libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte
3. main characters
a. Don Giovanni: aristocrat, amoral womanizer
b. Leporello: Giovanni’s servant
c. Donna Anna: noblewoman
d. Commendatore: Donna Anna’s father
e. Don Ottavio: Donna Anna’s fiancé
f. Donna Elvira: one of Don Giovanni’s conquests
4. plot summary
a. Don Giovanni tries to seduce Donna Anna
b. Don Giovanni kills the Commendatore in a duel
c. Don Ottavio swears to avenge his death
d. Leporello invites graveyard statue of Commendatore to dinner
e. graveyard statue of Commendatore kills Don Giovanni
D. Listening Guide 20: Mozart, Don Giovanni, Act I, scene 2 (1787)
1. Aria “Ah, chi mi dice mai”: Donna Elvira, with Don Giovanni and Leporello
a. Donna Elvira: spurned by Giovanni
b. two main sections (A-B-A1-B1)
c. short orchestral introduction
d. soprano aria; interjections from Don Giovanni and Leporello
e. sings of revenge: disjunct melody, sudden dynamic changes, quick tempo
2. Recitative: Donna Elvira, Don Giovanni, Leporello
a. accompanied by continuo instrument only
3. Catalog Aria “Madamina, il catalogo è questo”: Leporello
a. sings of Giovanni’s conquests
b. two main sections: Allegro, Andante
c. Allegro: duple meter, patter (syllabic text setting)
d. Andante: lilting triple meter, more lyrical