978-0205032280 Exercise Part IV

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Chapter 10: Language Acquisition

EXERCISE 10.1: LEARNING SOUNDS

a. Yes, these are two distinct phonemes in all dialects of American

English.

b. Yes, these are two distinct phonemes in all dialects of American

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EXERCISE 10.2: LEARNING WORDS

a. New verbs: In all these cases, the child has taken an available noun

b. New subcategories: The child is following a productive pattern in

c. New agent nouns: Many occupations are described through

EXERCISE 10.3: LEARNING GRAMMAR

1. Past participles can regularly occur as adjectival in English: for

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2. a. Because the verbs are so common and children hear the irregular

forms frequently, children learn their irregular forms as part of their

3. In studies of children’s acquisition of passive constructions by scholars

such as Dr. Letitia Naigles, children sat on a parent’s lap in front of

EXERCISE 10.4: PARENTESE

The dialogue shows the mother interpreting the child’s gestures and

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EXERCISE 10.5: TYPES OF APHASIA

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Chapter 11: Language Variation

EXERCISE 11.2: AMERICAN DIALECTS

1. The isoglosses students draw will vary somewhat. The key is that the

2. For regular verbs, the past tense and past participle forms are identical

(e.g., talked/have talked). For irregular verbs, the past tense and past

Chapter 12: American Dialects

EXERCISE 12.3: REGIONAL FORMS

1. Speakers in New England call such a sandwich a grinder (usually

2. Fixing for, which DARE quotes from eighteenth- and nineteenth-

century texts from New England, as well as from the South, seems not

3.

a. African Americans were concentrated in the South until after World

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and it’s clear that African American English has exerted some

influence on the change, among other factors.

b. Recent research suggests that y’all has spread from the South into

c. It would illustrate a form of reappropriation: annoyed by the cultural

d. It is probably due to the same sort of migration out of the South as

4. Students’ speculations on what the listed words say about migration

a. coyote < Mexican Spanish coyote < a central American Indian

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EXERCISE 12.5: APPALACHIAN ENGLISH AND AFRICAN

AMERICAN ENGLISH

1. The teachers in these scenes cannot distinguish habitual be from the

period of time.

2. quare ‘different, non-native’; peaked ‘unwell, sick’; bait ‘full meal’—

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Chapter 13: History of English: Old to Early Modern English

EXERCISE 13.1: ANALYZING EARLY TEXTS

1. The Old English passage.

a. The –um suffix marks the dative case (what, in Modern English, we

b. In the Modern English equivalent, the sentences “Forgive us our

c. In the Old English version, certainly the repetition of sw to create the

The Middle English passage.

The Early Modern English passage.

a. The Middle English version of the prayer uses þat rather than which. If

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enough to cause some confusion on this point. Because the Father is

now conceived as a “person,” Modern English would prefer who. This

example illustrates how unstable relative pronoun use was historically

and explains why some speakers use that and which interchangeably

today.

b. The Old English þe is a relative pronoun, flexible depending on its

2. A passage from Pope Gregory’s Pastoral Care.

a. The translation below should reveal some Modern English descendents

b. The Modern English prepositions are all Old English in origin;

c. In the second and third lines of the passage it “often comes to [his]

d. Here are a few compounds: Angelcynn ‘Angle folk’, hence ‘England’;

e. Students’ answers will vary.

f. Students’ answers will vary depending on the preceding answer.

g. The translation will help you to locate others throughout the passage,

h. ‘King Alfred bids Bishop Werferth be greeted by his loving and

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my mind all the wise men there once were throughout England, either

of the spiritual or worldly kinds, and how fortunate those times were

throughout England, and how the kings that had power over the people

in those days served God and his messengers, and how they both

maintained peace, morality, and authority at home, and promoted them

outside of the country, too.’

3. Students’ answers will vary.

4. Students’ answers will vary.

EXERCISE 13.2: BORROWING AND NATIVE WORD

FORMATION

1. Students’ answers will vary.

2. Students’ answers will vary.

3. hwælweg ‘whale way’ = ‘sea’; beadoleoma ‘battle light’ = ‘sword’;

EXERCISE 13.3: NOUNS AND VERBS

1., 2. Both real and imagined forms may resemble words that suggest the

3. Student answers will vary, but brethren has competition from brothers,

EXERCISE 13.4: OLD ENGLISH IN MODERN ENGLISH

Students’ answers will vary, depending on the passages they choose.

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Chapter 14: History of English: Modern and Future English