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157
Chapter 10: Language Acquisition
EXERCISE 10.1: LEARNING SOUNDS
a. Yes, these are two distinct phonemes in all dialects of American
English.
b. Yes, these are two distinct phonemes in all dialects of American
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EXERCISE 10.2: LEARNING WORDS
a. New verbs: In all these cases, the child has taken an available noun
b. New subcategories: The child is following a productive pattern in
c. New agent nouns: Many occupations are described through
EXERCISE 10.3: LEARNING GRAMMAR
1. Past participles can regularly occur as adjectival in English: for
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2. a. Because the verbs are so common and children hear the irregular
forms frequently, children learn their irregular forms as part of their
3. In studies of children’s acquisition of passive constructions by scholars
such as Dr. Letitia Naigles, children sat on a parent’s lap in front of
EXERCISE 10.4: PARENTESE
The dialogue shows the mother interpreting the child’s gestures and
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EXERCISE 10.5: TYPES OF APHASIA
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Chapter 11: Language Variation
EXERCISE 11.2: AMERICAN DIALECTS
1. The isoglosses students draw will vary somewhat. The key is that the
2. For regular verbs, the past tense and past participle forms are identical
(e.g., talked/have talked). For irregular verbs, the past tense and past
Chapter 12: American Dialects
EXERCISE 12.3: REGIONAL FORMS
1. Speakers in New England call such a sandwich a grinder (usually
2. Fixing for, which DARE quotes from eighteenth- and nineteenth-
century texts from New England, as well as from the South, seems not
3.
a. African Americans were concentrated in the South until after World
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Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, Pearson Education, Inc.
and it’s clear that African American English has exerted some
influence on the change, among other factors.
b. Recent research suggests that y’all has spread from the South into
c. It would illustrate a form of reappropriation: annoyed by the cultural
d. It is probably due to the same sort of migration out of the South as
4. Students’ speculations on what the listed words say about migration
a. coyote < Mexican Spanish coyote < a central American Indian
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EXERCISE 12.5: APPALACHIAN ENGLISH AND AFRICAN
AMERICAN ENGLISH
1. The teachers in these scenes cannot distinguish habitual be from the
period of time.
2. quare ‘different, non-native’; peaked ‘unwell, sick’; bait ‘full meal’—
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Chapter 13: History of English: Old to Early Modern English
EXERCISE 13.1: ANALYZING EARLY TEXTS
1. The Old English passage.
a. The -um suffix marks the dative case (what, in Modern English, we
b. In the Modern English equivalent, the sentences “Forgive us our
c. In the Old English version, certainly the repetition of sw to create the
The Middle English passage.
The Early Modern English passage.
a. The Middle English version of the prayer uses þat rather than which. If
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Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, Pearson Education, Inc.
enough to cause some confusion on this point. Because the Father is
now conceived as a “person,” Modern English would prefer who. This
example illustrates how unstable relative pronoun use was historically
and explains why some speakers use that and which interchangeably
today.
b. The Old English þe is a relative pronoun, flexible depending on its
2. A passage from Pope Gregory’s Pastoral Care.
a. The translation below should reveal some Modern English descendents
b. The Modern English prepositions are all Old English in origin;
c. In the second and third lines of the passage it “often comes to [his]
d. Here are a few compounds: Angelcynn ‘Angle folk’, hence ‘England’;
e. Students’ answers will vary.
f. Students’ answers will vary depending on the preceding answer.
g. The translation will help you to locate others throughout the passage,
h. ‘King Alfred bids Bishop Werferth be greeted by his loving and
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Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, Pearson Education, Inc.
my mind all the wise men there once were throughout England, either
of the spiritual or worldly kinds, and how fortunate those times were
throughout England, and how the kings that had power over the people
in those days served God and his messengers, and how they both
maintained peace, morality, and authority at home, and promoted them
outside of the country, too.’
3. Students’ answers will vary.
4. Students’ answers will vary.
EXERCISE 13.2: BORROWING AND NATIVE WORD
FORMATION
1. Students’ answers will vary.
2. Students’ answers will vary.
3. hwælweg ‘whale way’ = ‘sea’; beadoleoma ‘battle light’ = ‘sword’;
EXERCISE 13.3: NOUNS AND VERBS
1., 2. Both real and imagined forms may resemble words that suggest the
3. Student answers will vary, but brethren has competition from brothers,
EXERCISE 13.4: OLD ENGLISH IN MODERN ENGLISH
Students’ answers will vary, depending on the passages they choose.
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Chapter 14: History of English: Modern and Future English
