Process Technology Equipment
Chapter 8 Turbines
Page 1
CHAPTER 8 Turbines
Table of Contents
Contents
Page
Chapter Overview
2
2
2
3
4
6
6
11
12
13
14
14
15
15
16
25
28
Class Preparation Checklist
Chapter Objectives
Agenda
Lesson Plan
8.0 Introduction to Turbines
8.1 Types of Turbines
8.2 Steam Turbine Operating Principles
8.3 Potential Turbine Problems
8.4 Safety and Environmental Hazards
8.5 Process Technician’s Role in Operation and
Maintenance
8.6 Typical Procedures
Summary and Wrap-Up
Suggested Student Activities
End of Chapter Review Questions
Clicker Questions
Appendix
Process Technology Equipment
Chapter 8 Turbines
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CHAPTER 8 Turbines
Chapter Overview
Turbines are used in the process industries to convert the kinetic and potential energy
of a motive fluid (fluid used to drive a motor) into the mechanical energy necessary to
drive a piece of equipment such as a pump, compressor, or generator.
The four main types of turbines are steam, gas, hydraulic, and wind. The two most
common turbine types used in industry are steam turbines and gas turbines, so these
will be the primary focus of this chapter.
Class Preparation Checklist
1.
Familiarize yourself with the chapter content.
2.
Bring cutaways or other hands-on teaching aids if available.
3.
Copy and distribute any fill-in-the-blank handouts for today’s content.
4.
Safety Minute prepared or assigned.
5.
Review the PowerPoint slides associated with this chapter (if used) and
make sure that your computer is correctly set up to navigate the slide deck
smoothly.
6.
Request the appropriate A/V equipment (if needed) and make sure that
your computer is correctly synched with the projector to avoid any delays in
the classroom.
Chapter Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will know and be able to:
8.1 Identify the purposes, common types, and applications of turbines (NAPTA
Turbines).
8.2 Describe the operating principles of turbines (NAPTA Turbines).
8.3 Identify potential problems associated with turbines (NAPTA Turbines).
8.4 Describe safety and environmental hazards associated with turbines (NAPTA
Turbines).
8.5 Describe the process technician’s role in turbine operation and maintenance
(NAPTA Turbines).
8.6 Identify typical procedures associated with turbines (NAPTA Turbines).
Process Technology Equipment
Chapter 8 Turbines
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Class Agenda
Activity
Minutes
PPTs
1. Welcome to Class
1
1
2. Introduction and Agenda
1
2
3. Safety Minute
2
3
4. Objectives
2
4
5. Terms
1.5
5
6. Terms (cont.)
1.5
6
7. Introduction to Turbines
1
7
8. Introduction to Turbines (cont.)
0.5
8
9. Types of Turbines
1
9
10. Reaction Turbine
1.5
10
11. Impulse Turbine
1
11
12. Steam Turbines
2.5
12
13. Condensing vs. Noncondensing Steam
Turbines
1.5
13
14. Single-Stage vs. Multistage Turbine
2
14
15. Steam Turbine Components
2
15
16. Gas Turbines
2
16
17. Components of Gas Turbines
2
17
18. Hydroelectric Dam and Hydraulic Turbine
1.5
18
19. Wind Turbines
1
19
20. Auxiliary Lubrication System
2
20
21. Steam Turbine Operating Principles
1.5
21
22. Steam Turbine Operating Principles (cont.)
1.5
22
23. Gas Turbine Operating Principles
1.5
23
24. Gas Turbine Operating Principles (cont.)
2
24
25. Potential Turbine Problems
3
25
26. Safety and Environmental Hazards
1.5
26
27. Safety and Environmental Hazards (cont.)
1.5
27
28. Process Technician’s Role
3
28
29. Typical Procedures
2
29
30. Summary and Wrap-Up
2
30
Process Technology Equipment
Chapter 8 Turbines
Chapter 8 Lesson Plan
Welcome Everyone to Class
Time: 1 minute
Resources: Slide 1
Sample Instructor Script:
Today’s lesson covers the different types of turbines process technicians encounter
during the successful performance of their duties in the process industries.
Introduction and Agenda
Time: 1 minute
Resources: Slide 2
Student Safety Minute
Time: 2 minutes
their work. Technicians are expected to be able to identify and operate each type of
turbine, describe their components, and understand how to troubleshoot typical
problems associated with each type.
Process technicians must also be able to describe safety and environmental concerns
related to different types of turbines, as well as understand and follow the procedures to
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Chapter 8 Turbines
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Time: 1.5 minutes
Resources: Slide 5
Sample Instructor Script:
Turn to the terms page in the chapter on turbines. I’ll call on you to read the term and
definition aloud and then use that term in a sentence.
Time: 1.5 minutes
Resources: Slide 6
Sample Instructor Script:
Other terms process technicians should be familiar with include the following:
• Nozzle
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Chapter 8 Turbines
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8.0 Introduction to Turbines
Time: 1 minute
Resources: Slide 7
8.0.1 Introduction to Turbines (cont.)
Time: 0.5 minute
Resources: Slide 8
8.1 Types of Turbines
Time: 1 minute
Resources: Slide 9
Time: 1.5 minutes
Resources: Slide 10
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Chapter 8 Turbines
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8.1.2 Impulse Turbine
Time: 1 minute
8.1.3 Steam Turbines
Time: 2.5 minutes
Resources: Slide 12
Sample Instructor Script:
A steam turbine is a device that is driven by the pressure of high-velocity steam
discharged against the turbine’s rotor. Steam turbines are the drivers for a variety of
equipment, such as pumps, generators, and compressors.
Time: 1.5 minutes
Resources: Slide 13
Sample Instructor Script:
Process Technology Equipment
Chapter 8 Turbines
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8.1.5 Single–Stage vs. Multistage Turbine
Time: 2 minutes
Resources: Slide 14
8.1.6 Steam Turbine Components
Time: 2 minutes
Resources: Slide 15
Sample Instructor Script:
Turbine components vary depending on the type of turbine and its application. The most
• A rotor is the rotating member of a motor or turbine that is connected to the
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Chapter 8 Turbines
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shaft.
• The governor is a device used to control the speed of the turbine. It may also be
• Carbon rings are components of seals that are located around the shaft of the
turbine and that control the leakage of motive fluid (typically steam) along the
shaft or the entrance of air into the exhaust.
• Seals are mechanical devices that hold lubricants and process fluids in place
while keeping out foreign materials. In a turbine, seals keep fluids from leaking
out past the rotor shaft at the point where it exits the case.
8.1.7 Gas Turbines
Time: 2 minutes
Resources: Slide 16
Sample Instructor Script:
8.1.8 Components of Gas Turbines
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Chapter 8 Turbines
Time: 2 minutes
8.1.9 Hydroelectric Dam and Hydraulic Turbine
Time: 1.5 minutes
Resources: Slide 18
Sample Instructor Script:
8.1.10 Wind Turbines
Time: 1 minute
8.1.11 Auxiliary Lubrication System
Time: 2 minutes
Resources: Slide 20
Sample Instructor Script:
Process Technology Equipment
Chapter 8 Turbines
Time: 1.5 minutes
Resources: Slide 21
Sample Instructor Script:
8.2.1 Steam Turbine Operating Principles (cont.)
Time: 1.5 minutes
Resources: Slide 22
Sample Instructor Script:
The principal control systems inside a turbine include the governor, the
Process Technology Equipment
Chapter 8 Turbines
8.2.2 Gas Turbine Operating Principles
Time: 1.5 minutes
Resources: Slide 23
8.2.3 Gas Turbine Operating Principles (cont.)
Time: 2 minutes
8.3 Potential Turbine Problems
Time: 3 minutes
Resources: Slide 25
Sample Instructor Script:
When working with turbines, process technicians should always be aware of potential
Process Technology Equipment
Chapter 8 Turbines
• In condensing steam turbines, if the gland sealing steam and gland sealing
steam condenser are not properly aligned, there could be a loss of vacuum,
resulting in poor operation of the turbine.
• Turbine fouling is caused by mineral deposits from the steam. Pitting is a form
of localized corrosion that creates small holes in metal components. It is often
8.4 Safety and Environmental Hazards
Time: 1.5 minutes
Resources: Slide 26
Sample Instructor Script:
8.4.1 Safety and Environmental Hazards (cont.)
Time: 1.5 minutes
Resources: Slide 27
Sample Instructor Script:
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Chapter 8 Turbines
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8.5 Process Technician’s Role in Operation and Maintenance
Time: 3 minutes
Resources: Slide 28
Sample Instructor Script:
The process technician plays an important role in the safe operation and maintenance
of turbines. Monitoring the lube oil levels and temperatures is important.
In addition, process technicians must:
• Know how to perform overspeed trip system checks
• Know proper start-up and shutdown procedures
8.6 Typical Procedures
Time: 2 minutes
Resources: Slide 29
Sample Instructor Script:
Process technicians should be proficient with the appropriate procedures for the
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Summary and Wrap–Up
Time: 2 minutes
Resources: Slide 30
Sample Instructor Script:
Let’s summarize today’s lesson and consider what we will be doing in the next class.
(Note to Instructor: To wrap up the lesson, complete the following activities.)
Suggested Student Activities
(Note to Instructor: Time permitting, do the activities listed below or possibly assign
them as homework. Be sure to remind students what to read for the next class.)
1. Given a cutaway or a diagram of a steam turbine, identify the following components
and explain the function of each:
a) Turbine case
2. Describe how a steam turbine operates.
3. Describe how a gas turbine operates.
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4. Explain how the governor inside a turbine helps control the speed and how it relates
to the performance of the equipment.
5. List potential problems associated with turbines. List possible solutions and how the
problems can affect other systems within a process facility.
6. Develop a start-up, shutdown, or emergency procedure for a steam turbine.
7. Develop a lockout/tagout procedure for a turbine.
End of Chapter Review Questions
(Note to Instructor: If you have time, you can use these questions to test your
students’ knowledge of the content presented in this chapter.)
1. Which of the following is one of the most common types of turbines?
A. Wind
B. Steam
C. Electric
D. Hydraulic
2. In what class of turbine uses the motive fluid to move a rotor?
A. Impulse turbines
B. Reactive turbines
C. Momentum turbines
D. Pressure turbines
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3. When is an impulse design typically used?
A. High-pressure fluids
B. Lower-pressure fluids
C. High-viscosity fluids
D. Low-viscosity fluids
4. Which of the following is an example of an impulse turbine?
A. Pelton wheel turbine
B. Kaplan turbine
C. Curtis turbine
D. Francis turbine
5. Which of the following is an advantage of steam turbines over electrical
equipment?
A. They have minimal sparking.
Process Technology Equipment
Chapter 8 Turbines
B. They are useful in areas where volatile substances are produced.
C. They require electricity to run.
D. They are suitable for dry environments.
6. What is a device that contains a set of moving blades, called a stage?
A. Multistage steam turbine
B. Single-stage steam turbine
C. Condensing steam turbine
D. Noncondensing steam turbine
7. What is a device that functions like a pressure-reducing valve?
A. Multistage steam turbine
B. Single-stage steam turbine
C. Condensing steam turbine
D. Noncondensing steam turbine