978-0134604657 Chapter 8

subject Type Homework Help
subject Pages 8
subject Words 2222
subject Authors Charles D. Ghilani

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8 TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENTS; ANGLE OBSERVATIONS
Asterisks indicate problems that have partial answers given in Appendix G.
8.1 Describe the proper procedure for transporting a total station instrument in the field.
From Section 8.5, paragraph 5: When moving between setups in the field, proper care
8.2 Why should a total station never be transported on a tripod?
8.3 What are the primary sources of random instrumental error in a total station instrument.
Random instrumental errors are:
8.4 Describe under what conditions parallax can exist and how it can be detected.
(*)
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8.5 Name and briefly describe the three main components of a total station.
8.6 Why are the bases of total station instruments designed to be interchanged with other
equipment?
8.7 Why is it important not to sight the EDM reflector when turning an angle?
8.8 How are the relative precisions of total station instruments differentiated?
8.9 What is meant by an angular position?
8.10 What is the purpose of the jog/shuttle mechanism on a robotic total station?
From 8.4, subsection 4: In servo-driven total stations (see Figure 8.7), the lock and tangent
8.11 How can the maladjustment of a level vial be detected on a total station?
8.12 Determine the angles subtended for the following conditions:
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8.13 What is the error in an observed direction for the situations noted?
*8.14 Intervening terrain obstructs the line of sight so only the top of a 6-ft long pole can be
seen on a 250-ft sight. If the range pole is out of plumb and leaning sideways 0.025-ft per
vertical foot what maximum angular error results?
250 206264.8"/rad = 123.8"
8.15 Same as Problem 8.14, except that it is a 1.5-m pole that is out of plumb and leaning
100 206264.8"/rad = 30.9"
8.16 Discuss the advantages of a robotic total station instrument.
From Section 8.6: "The computer retrieves the direction to the point from storage or
8.17 What instrumental errors are compensated by averaging an equal number of observations
with the telescope direct and reversed?
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8.18 Describe the process of placing a point on line between two existing stations when the
two stations are not intervisible.
8.19 An interior angle x and its explement y were turned to close the horizon. Each angle was
observed once direct and once reversed using the repetition method. Starting with an
initial backsight setting of 0°00’00” for each angle, the readings after the first and second
turnings of angle x were 62°38’24” and 62°38’22”, and the readings after the first and
second turnings of angle y were 297°21’38” and 297°21’40” Calculate each angle and
the horizon misclosure.
*8.20 A zenith angle is measured as
84 13 56
 
in the reversed position. What is the equivalent
zenith angle in the direct position?
8.21 What is the average zenith angle given the following direct and reversed readings.
8.22 Direct:
0 00 00 ,84 0236 ,202 22 26 ,285 14 15 ,0 00 02
         
  
8.23 Direct: 0°0000,98°2258,189°1933,267°4244,360°00′02″
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*8.24 The angles at point X were observed with a total station instrument. Based on 4 readings,
the standard deviation of the angle was ±5.6″. If the same procedure is used in observing
each angle within a six-sided polygon, what is the estimated standard deviation of closure
at a 95% level of probability?
±27";
 
1.9599 5.6 6 26.9
8.25 The line of sight of a total station is out of adjustment by 5″.
8.26 A line PQ is prolonged to point R by double centering. Two foresight points
R
and
R
are set. What angular error would be introduced in a single plunging based on the
following lengths of QR and
RR
 
respectively?
8.27 Explain why the “principal of reversion” is important in angle measurement.
*8.28 A total station with a 20″/div. level bubble is one divisions out of level on a point with an
altitude angle of 38°50′44″. What is the error in the horizontal pointing?
8.29 What is the equivalent altitude angle for a zenith angle of 86°14′38″?
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8.30 What is the equivalent altitude angle for a zenith angle of 265°13′56″?
8.31 What error in horizontal angles is consistent with the following linear precisions?
8.32 Why is it important to check for sloppiness in a tribrach?
8.33 Describe the procedure to adjust a level bubble on a total station.
From Section 8.19.1: "To make the test, the instrument should first be leveled following
the procedures outlined in Section 8.5. Then after carefully centering the bubble, the
8.34 List the procedures for prolonging a line of sight.
See Section 8.15
8.35 A zenith angle was read twice direct giving values of 83°15'34″ and 83°15'30″, and twice
reverse yielding readings of 276°44'16″ and 276°44′20″. What is the mean direct-face
zenith angle? What is the indexing error?
8.36 A zenith angle was read twice direct giving values of 94°05'24″ and 94°05'28″ and twice
reverse yielding readings of 265°5420″ and 265°54′22″. What is the mean direct-face
zenith angle? What is the indexing error?
8.37 A total station has an ISO 17123-3 specified accuracy of ±2″. What is the estimated
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all
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precision of an angle observed with 4 repetitions?
8.38 A total station has an ISO 17123-3 specified accuracy of ±5″. What is the estimated
precision of an angle observed with 2 repetitions?
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all
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© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all

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