Assumptions Values
Expected free cash flow in 2003 13,000,000
Expected growth rate in free cash flow 8.00%
Assumed sale multiple of FCF in year 3 10
Spot exchange rate, Lempiras/$ (2002) 14.80
US dollar inflation rate 2.0%
Honduran lempira inflation rate 16.0%
Slinger Wayne required return (annual rate) 20.0%
0 1 2 3
a) Carambola’s value if exchange rate fixed 2012 2013 2014 2015
Carambola’s expected free cash flow (Lp) 13,000,000 14,040,000 15,163,200
Expected sale value in year 3 151,632,000
Total expected free cash flow (Lp) 13,000,000 14,040,000 166,795,200
Expected exchange rate (Lp/$) 14.8000 14.8000 14.8000 14.8000
Carambola’s expected FCF in US$ 878,378$ 948,649$ 11,269,946$
Present value factor 1.0000 0.8333 0.6944 0.5787
Present value of expected FCF in US$ 731,982$ 658,784$ 6,521,959$
Cumulative present value in US$ 7,912,725$
0 1 2 3
b) Carambola’s value assuming PPP 2012 2013 2014 2015
Carambola’s expected free cash flow (Lp) 13,000,000 14,040,000 15,163,200
Expected sale value in year 3 151,632,000
Total expected free cash flow (Lp) 13,000,000 14,040,000 166,795,200
Expected exchange rate (Lp/$) 14.8000 16.8314 19.1416 21.7688
(PPP: spot * (1+inf in Lp) / (1 + inf in $)
Carambola’s expected FCF in US$ 772,367$ 733,483$ 7,662,110$
Present value factor 1.0000 0.8333 0.6944 0.5787
Present value of expected FCF in US$ 643,639$ 509,363$ 4,434,091$
Cumulative present value in US$ 5,587,094$
a. What is Carambola worth if the Honduran lempira were to remain fixed over the three year investment period?
b. What is Carambola worth if the Honduran lempira were to change in value over time according to purchasing power parity?
Problem 18.1 Carambola de Honduras
A private equity firm like Slinger Wayne, however, is not interested in owning a company for long, and plans to sell Carambola at the end
of three years for approximately 10 times Carambola’s free cash flow in that year. The current spot exchange rate is Lp14.80/$, but the
Honduran inflation rate is expected to remain at a relatively high rate of 16.0% per annum compared to the U.S. dollar inflation rate of only
2.0% per annum. Slinger Wayne expects to earn at least a 20% annual rate of return on international investments like Carambola.
Slinger Wayne, a U.S.-based private equity firm, is trying to determine what it should pay for a tool manufacturing firm in Honduras named
Carambola. Slinger Wayne estimates that Carambola will generate a free cash flow of 13 million Honduran lempiras (Lp) next year (2012), and
that this free cash flow will continue to grow at a constant rate of 8.0% per annum indefinitely
Assumptions Value
Sales price per unit, Year 1 (US$) 5.00$
Sales price increase, per year 3.00%
Initial sales volume, Year 1, units 1,000,000
Sales volume increase, per year 10.00%
Production costs per unit, Year 1 4.00$
Production cost per unit increase, per year 4.00%
General and administrative expenses per year 100,000$
Depreciation expenses per year 80,000$
Finisterra’s WACC (pesos) 16.00%
Terminal value discount rate 20.00%
Capital Budgeting Analysis Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Sales price, US$ 5.00$ 5.15$ 5.30$
Sales volume 1,000,000 1,100,000 1,210,000
Revenue 5,000,000$ 5,665,000$ 6,418,445$
Costs per package (4.00)$ (4.16)$ (4.33)$
Total costs (4,000,000) (4,576,000) (5,234,944)
Gross profit 1,000,000$ 1,089,000$ 1,183,501$
Less general & administration expenses (100,000) (100,000) (100,000)
Less depreciation expenses (80,000) (80,000) (80,000)
Operating profit before tax 820,000$ 909,000$ 1,003,501$
Less U.S. corporate income taxes 30% (246,000) (272,700) (301,050)
Net income 574,000$ 636,300$ 702,451$
Dividends distributed ($) 80% 459,200$ 509,040$ 561,961$
(80% of net income)
Exchange rate (Ps/$) 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00
Dividends remitted to parent (pesos) 4,132,800 5,090,400 6,181,566
Additional taxes due in Mexico 0 0 0
Dividend received, after-tax (pesos) 4,132,800 5,090,400 6,181,566
Terminal value, US$ (discounted @ 20%) 2,809,803$
(dividend in Year 3/.20)
Terminal value, pesos 30,907,831
Total cash flows for discounting (pesos) 4,132,800 5,090,400 37,089,397
Present value factor (@ 16%) 1.0000 0.8333 0.6944 0.5787
Present value of total cash flows (pesos) 3,444,000 3,535,000 21,463,771
Cumulative present value (pesos) 28,442,771
in US dollars 3,555,346$
Problem 18.2 Finisterra, S.A.
Finisterra, S.A., located in the state of Baja California, Mexico, manufactures frozen Mexican food which enjoys a large following in the U.S. states of
California and Arizona to the north. In order to be closer to its U.S. market, Finisterra is considering moving some of its manufacturing operations to
southern California. Operations in California would begin in Year 1 and have the following attributes.
The operations in California will pay 80% of its accounting profit to Finisterra as an annual cash dividend. Mexican taxes are calculated on grossed up
dividends from foreign countries, with a credit for host country taxes already paid. What is the maximum U.S. dollar price Finisterra should offer in
Year 1 for the investment?
Assumptions Values
Cash dividends to be received (euros) € 720,000
Expected dividend growth rate per year 10.0%
Current spot exchange rate ($/euro) 1.3603$
Grenouille’s weighted average cost of capital 12.0%
a) PV of dividend stream if euro appreciates 4% 0 1 2 3
Dividend stream expected from investment, in euros € 720,000 € 792,000 € 871,200
Current and expected spot rate ($/euro) : spot x ( 1 + .04) 4.0% 1.3603$ 1.4147$ 1.4713$ 1.5302$
Dividends, in US dollars 1,018,593$ 1,165,270$ 1,333,069$
Present value factor 1.0000 0.8929 0.7972 0.7118
Present value of dividends, in US dollars 909,458$ 928,946$ 948,852$
Cumulative NPV 2,787,256$
b) PV of dividend stream if euro depreciates 3% 0 1 2 3
Dividend stream expected from investment, in euros € 720,000 € 792,000 € 871,200
Current and expected spot rate ($/euro) : spot x ( 1 – .03) -3.0% 1.3603$ 1.3195$ 1.2799$ 1.2415$
Dividends, in US dollars 950,034$ 1,013,686$ 1,081,603$
Present value factor 1.0000 0.8929 0.7972 0.7118
Present value of dividends in US dollars 848,244$ 808,104$ 769,863$
Cumulative NPV 2,426,212$
Assumptions Values Assumptions Values
Initial investment in India (Rs) 50,000,000 Dividend distribution per year 75.00%
Indian corporate tax rate 50.00% US corporate tax rate 40.00%
Sale price in year 5 (Rs) 100,000,000 India risk premium to WACC 6.00%
Natural Mosaic’s WACC 14.00%
Pro forma income and cash flow 0 1 2 3 4 5
(December 31st) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Sales revenue 30,000,000 30,000,000 30,000,000 30,000,000 30,000,000
Less cash operating expenses (17,000,000) (17,000,000) (17,000,000) (17,000,000) (17,000,000)
Gross income 13,000,000 13,000,000 13,000,000 13,000,000 13,000,000
Less depreciation expenses (1,000,000) (1,000,000) (1,000,000) (1,000,000) (1,000,000)
Earnings before interest and taxes 12,000,000 12,000,000 12,000,000 12,000,000 12,000,000
Less Indian taxes at 50% (6,000,000) (6,000,000) (6,000,000) (6,000,000) (6,000,000)
Net income 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000
Add back depreciation 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000
Annual cash flow 7,000,000 7,000,000 7,000,000 7,000,000 7,000,000
Initial investment (50,000,000)
Terminal value, sales 100,000,000
Cash flows for discounting (50,000,000) 7,000,000 7,000,000 7,000,000 7,000,000 107,000,000
Present value factor 20% 1.0000 0.8333 0.6944 0.5787 0.4823 0.4019
Present value of cash flow (50,000,000) 5,833,333 4,861,111 4,050,926 3,375,772 43,000,900
NPV of India investment (project view) 11,122,042
IRR of Indian investment (project view) 25.96%
Cash inflows & outflows to US 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Initial investment (Rs) (50,000,000)
Dividends received in the US (Rs) 4,500,000 4,500,000 4,500,000 4,500,000 4,500,000
Sales value (Rs) 100,000,000
Net cash flows to parent after-tax (Rs) (50,000,000) 4,500,000 4,500,000 4,500,000 4,500,000 104,500,000
Expected exchange rate (Rs/$) 50.00 54.00 58.00 62.00 66.00 70.00
Net cash flows to parent after-tax (US$) (1,000,000)$ 83,333$ 77,586$ 72,581$ 68,182$ 1,492,857$
Present value factor 20% 1.0000 0.8333 0.6944 0.5787 0.4823 0.4019
Present value of cash flow (1,000,000) 69,444 53,879 42,003 32,881 599,946
NPV of cash flows (parent viewpoint) (201,847)
IRR of cash flows (parent viewpoint) 13.94%
The U.S. corporate tax rate is 40% and the Indian corporate tax rate is 50%. Because the Indian tax rate is greater than the U.S. tax rate, annual dividends paid to Natural
Mosaic will not be subject to additional taxes in the United States. There are no capital gains taxes on the final sale. Natural Mosaic uses a weighted average cost of capital
of 14% on domestic investments, but will add 6 percentage points for the Indian investment because of perceived greater risk. Natural Mosaic forecasts the rupee/dollar
exchange rate for December 31st on the next six years are listed below.
What is the net present value and internal rate of return on this investment?
Problem 18.4 Natural Mosaic
Natural Mosaic Company (U.S.) is considering investing Rs50,000,000 in India to create a wholly owned tile manufacturing plant to export to the European market. After
five years the subsidiary would be sold to Indian investors for Rs100,000,000. A pro forma income statement for the Indian operation predicts the generation of Rs7,000,000
of annual cash flow, is listed below.
The initial investment will be made on December 31, 2011, and cash flows will occur on December 31st of each succeeding year. Annual cash dividends to Natural
Mosaic from India will equal 75% of accounting income.
Assumptions Values
Current spot rate (ringgit/$) 3.80
Current spot rate (pesos/$) 50.00
Malaysian ringgit expectation (% change) 2.000%
Phillippine peso expectation (% change) -5.000%
WACC for Doohicky Devices 14.000%
0 1 2 3 4 5
Doohicky in Penang (after-tax) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Net ringgit cash flows (26,000) 8,000 6,800 7,400 9,200 10,000
Expected exchange rate (ringgit/$) 3.8000 3.7255 3.6524 3.5808 3.5106 3.4418
(spot / (1+.02))
Ringgit cash flows in dollars (6,842)$ 2,147$ 1,862$ 2,067$ 2,621$ 2,905$
Dollar cash outflows – (100) (120) (150) (150) –
Net total cash flows (US$) (6,842)$ 2,047$ 1,742$ 1,917$ 2,471$ 2,905$
Present value factor 14% 1.0000 0.8772 0.7695 0.6750 0.5921 0.5194
Present value of cash flow (6,842)$ 1,796$ 1,340$ 1,294$ 1,463$ 1,509$
Net present value (NPV) 560$
0 1 2 3 4 5
Doohicky in Manila (after-tax) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Net peso cashflows (560,000) 190,000 180,000 200,000 210,000 200,000
Expected exchange rate (pesos/$) 50.00 52.63 55.40 58.32 61.39 64.62
(spot / ( 1 – .05))
Net peso cashflows in dollars (11,200)$ 3,610$ 3,249$ 3,430$ 3,421$ 3,095$
Dollar cash outflows (100) (200) (300) (400) –
Net dollar cashflows, total (11,200)$ 3,510$ 3,049$ 3,130$ 3,021$ 3,095$
Present value factor 14% 1.0000 0.8772 0.7695 0.6750 0.5921 0.5194
Present value of cash flow (11,200)$ 3,079$ 2,346$ 2,112$ 1,789$ 1,608$
Net present value (NPV) (266)$
Neither project looks very promising. Doohicky Penang does, however, possess a positive NPV.
The Malaysia ringgit currently trades at RM3.80/$ and the Philippine peso trades at Ps50.00/$. Doohicky expects the Malaysian ringgit to appreciate 2.0% per
year against the dollar, and the Philippine peso to depreciate 5.0% per year against the dollar. If the weighted average cost of capital for Doohicky Devices is
14.0%, which project looks most promising?
Problem 18.5 Doohicky Devices
Doohickey Devices, Inc., manufactures design components for personal computers. Until the present, manufacturing has been subcontracted to other
companies, but for reasons of quality control Doohicky has decided to manufacture itself in Asia. Analysis has narrowed the choice to two possibilities, Penang,
Malaysia, and Manila, the Philippines. At the moment only the summary of expected, after-tax, cash flows is available. Although most operating outflows
would be in Malaysian ringgit or Philippine pesos, some additional U.S. dollar cash outflows would be necessary, as shown in the table below.
Assumptions 0 1 2 3
Original investment (Czech korunas, K) 250,000,000
Spot exchange rate (K/$) 32.50 30.00 27.50 25.00
Unit demand 700,000 900,000 1,000,000
Unit sales price 10.00$ 10.30$ 10.60$
Fixed cash operating expenses 1,000,000$ 1,030,000$ 1,060,000$
Depreciation 500,000$ 500,000$ 500,000$
Investment in working capital (K) 100,000,000
Project Viewpoint (in US$) 0 1 2 3
Initial investment (7,692,308)$
Revenues 7,000,000$ 9,270,000$ 10,600,000$
Less costs of manufacturing 50% (3,500,000) (4,635,000) (5,300,000)
Gross profit 3,500,000$ 4,635,000$ 5,300,000$
Less fixed cash operating expenses (1,000,000) (1,030,000) (1,060,000)
Less depreciation 10.0 (769,231) (769,231) (769,231)
Earnings before taxes 1,730,769$ 2,835,769$ 3,470,769$
Less Czech corporate income taxes 25% (432,692) (708,942) (867,692)
Net income 1,298,077$ 2,126,827$ 2,603,077$
Add back depreciation 769,231 769,231 769,231
Less additional working capital investment (3,076,923)$
Sale value 8,461,538
Free cash flow for discounting (10,769,231)$ 2,067,308$ 2,896,058$ 11,833,846$
Present value factor 18% 1.0000 0.8475 0.7182 0.6086
Present value of cash flows (10,769,231)$ 1,751,956$ 2,079,904$ 7,202,444$
Cumulative NPV 265,073$
Parent Viewpoint (US$) 0 1 2 3
Dividends remitted to US parent 1,298,077$ 2,126,827$ 2,603,077$
Add back Czech taxes deemed paid 432,692 708,942 867,692
Grossed up dividend 1,730,769$ 2,835,769$ 3,470,769$
Tentative US tax liability 40% 692,308$ 1,134,308$ 1,388,308$
Less credit for Czech taxes paid (432,692) (708,942) (867,692)
Additional US taxes due on foreign income 259,615$ 425,365$ 520,615$
Cash dividend less added US taxes 1,038,462$ 1,701,462$ 2,082,462$
Initial investment & working capital (10,769,231)$
Plus sale value at end of 3 years 8,461,538
Parent cash flows (US$) (10,769,231)$ 1,038,462$ 1,701,462$ 10,544,000$
Variable manufacturing costs are expected to be 50% of sales. No additional funds need be invested in the U.S. subsidiary during the period
under consideration. The Czech Republic imposes no restrictions on repatriation of any funds of any sort. The Czech corporate tax rate is 25%
and the United States rate is 40%. Both countries allow a tax credit for taxes paid in other countries. Wenceslas uses 18% as its weighted average
cost of capital, and its objective is to maximize present value. Is the investment attractive to Wenceslas Refining?
Problem 18.6 Wenceslas Refining Company
Privately owned Wenceslas Refining Company is considering investing in the Czech Republic so as to have a refinery source closer to its
European customers. The original investment in Czech korunas would amount to K250 million, or $5,000,000 at the current spot rate of
K32.50/$, all in fixed assets, which will be depreciated over ten years by the straight-line method. An additional K100,000,000 will be needed for
working capital.
For capital budgeting purposes Wenceslas assumes sale as a going concern at the end of the third year at a price, after all taxes, equal to the net
book value of fixed assets alone (not including working capital). All free cash flow will be repatriated to the United States as soon as possible. In
evaluating the venture, the U.S. dollar forecasts are shown in the table below.
Present value factor 18% 1.0000 0.8475 0.7182 0.6086
Present value of cash flow (10,769,231)$ 880,052$ 1,221,963$ 6,417,404$
Cumulative NPV (2,249,812)$
Assumptions Value Growth
Light bulb export volume to Argentina, per year 24,000 0.00%
Sales price per set in Argentina 60.00$ 0.00%
Material costs per set in Argentina 20.00$ 0.00%
Material and shipping costs of imports per set 10.00$ 0.00%
Direct & indirect cost per set 5.00$ 0.00%
Depreciable investment (buildings & equipment) 1,000,000$
Initial investment in net working capital 1,000,000$
Discount rate in Argentina 15.00%
Project Year 0 1 2 3 4 5
Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The capital budgeting analysis needs to be performed on both the Project Level (Project Viewpoint) and the Parent Level (Parent Viewpoint).
Project Cash Flows in Argentina: Project Viewpoint
Annual units sold (sets) 24,000 24,000 24,000 24,000 24,000
Sales price in Argentina per set 60.00$ 60.00$ 60.00$ 60.00$ 60.00$
Sales revenue 1,440,000$ 1,440,000$ 1,440,000$ 1,440,000$ 1,440,000$
Less direct manufacturing and shipping costs (480,000) (480,000) (480,000) (480,000) (480,000)
Less cost of US components @ $10/set (240,000) (240,000) (240,000) (240,000) (240,000)
Gross profit 720,000 720,000 720,000 720,000 720,000
Less depreciation (200,000) (200,000) (200,000) (200,000) (200,000)
Pre-tax profit 520,000 520,000 520,000 520,000 520,000
Less 40% Argentine taxes 40% (208,000) (208,000) (208,000) (208,000) (208,000)
Net income 312,000 312,000 312,000 312,000 312,000
Add back depreciation 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000
Annual project cash flow 512,000 512,000 512,000 512,000 512,000
Return of net working capital 1,000,000
Initial investment, total (2,000,000)
Free cash flow for discounting (2,000,000)$ 512,000$ 512,000$ 512,000$ 512,000$ 1,512,000$
Internal rate of return (IRR) 18.7%
Net present value (NPV) 213,480$
The Parent Viewpoint needs to consider all incremental cash flow impacts including loss on export sales to Argentina (current practice).
Cash Flows to Hermosa in US: Parent Viewpoint
Sales revenue on exports to Argentina 240,000$ 240,000$ 240,000$ 240,000$ 240,000$
Less direct and indirect costs on exported sets (120,000) (120,000) (120,000) (120,000) (120,000)
Profit on Hermosa’s component sales 120,000$ 120,000$ 120,000$ 120,000$ 120,000$
Less US taxes on component profits @ 40% 40% (48,000) (48,000) (48,000) (48,000) (48,000)
a) Net profit on component sales after-tax 72,000$ 72,000$ 72,000$ 72,000$ 72,000$
b) Cash flow from Argentina to Hermosa (US) 512,000 512,000 512,000 512,000 512,000
Cash flow loss on Hermosa’s loss of exports (480,000) (480,000) (480,000) (480,000) (480,000)
Less US taxes on export losses 40% 192,000 192,000 192,000 192,000 192,000
c) Net cash flow reduction after-tax (288,000)$ (288,000)$ (288,000)$ (288,000)$ (288,000)$
d) Recapture of NWC in Argentina (no tax) 1,000,000$
Evaluate the proposed investment in Argentina by Hermosa Components (US). Hermosa’s management wishes the baseline analysis to be performed in U.S. dollars
(and implicitly also assumes the exchange rate remains fixed throughout the life of the project). Create a project viewpoint capital budget and a parent viewpoint capital
budget. What do you conclude from your analysis?
Problem 18.7 Hermosa Components: Baseline Analysis
Hermosa Beach Components, Inc., of California exports 24,000 sets of low-density light bulbs per year to Argentina under an import license that expires in five years. In
Argentina the bulbs are sold for the Argentine peso equivalent of $60 per set. Direct manufacturing costs in the United States and shipping together amount to $40 per set.
The market for this type of bulb in Argentina is stable, neither growing nor shrinking, and Hermosa holds the major portion of the market.
The Argentine government has invited Hermosa to open a manufacturing plant so imported bulbs can be replaced by local production. If Hermosa makes the
investment, it will operate the plant for five years and then sell the building and equipment to Argentine investors at net book value at the time of sale plus the value of
any net working capital. (Net working capital is the amount of current assets less any portion financed by local debt.) Hermosa will be allowed to repatriate all net income
and depreciation funds to the United States each year. Hermosa traditionally evaluates all foreign investments in U.S. dollar terms.
Total parent cash flow, after-tax (a+b+c+d) 296,000 296,000 296,000 296,000 1,296,000
Initial investment (2,000,000)
Free cash flow to parent for discounting (2,000,000)$ 296,000$ 296,000$ 296,000$ 296,000$ 1,296,000$
Internal rate of return (IRR) 5.9%
Net present value (NPV) (510,585)$
Although the investment has a positive NPV on the project level, the prospective investment from the parent’s viewpoint is negative.
The project as described should be rejected.
Assumptions Value Growth
Light bulb export volume to Argentina, per year 24,000 4.00%
Sales price per set in Argentina 60.00$ 7.00%
Material costs per set in Argentina 20.00$ 6.00%
Material and shipping costs of imports per set 10.00$ 0.00%
Direct & indirect cost per set 5.00$ 0.00%
Depreciable investment (buildings & equipment) 1,000,000$
Initial investment in net working capital 1,000,000$
Discount rate in Argentina 15.00%
Project Year 0 1 2 3 4 5
Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The capital budgeting analysis needs to be performed on both the Project Level (Project Viewpoint) and the Parent Level (Parent Viewpoint).
Project Cash Flows in Argentina: Project Viewpoint
Annual units sold (sets) 24,000 24,960 25,958 26,997 28,077
Sales price in Argentina per set 60.00$ 64.20$ 68.69$ 73.50$ 78.65$
Sales revenue 1,440,000$ 1,602,432$ 1,783,186$ 1,984,330$ 2,208,162$
Less direct manufacturing and shipping costs (480,000) (529,152) (583,337) (643,071) (708,921)
Less cost of US components @ $10/set (240,000) (249,600) (259,584) (269,967) (280,766)
Gross profit 720,000 823,680 940,265 1,071,291 1,218,475
Less depreciation (200,000) (200,000) (200,000) (200,000) (200,000)
Pre-tax profit 520,000 623,680 740,265 871,291 1,018,475
Less 40% Argentine taxes 40% (208,000) (249,472) (296,106) (348,517) (407,390)
Net income 312,000 374,208 444,159 522,775 611,085
Add back depreciation 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000
Annual project cash flow 512,000 574,208 644,159 722,775 811,085
Return of net working capital 1,000,000
Initial investment, total (2,000,000)
Free cash flow for discounting (2,000,000) 512,000 574,208 644,159 722,775 1,811,085
Internal rate of return (IRR) 24.9%
Net present value (NPV) 616,624$
The Parent Viewpoint needs to consider all incremental cash flow impacts including loss on export sales to Argentina (current practice).
Cash Flows to Hermosa in US: Parent Viewpoint
Sales revenue on exports to Argentina 240,000$ 249,600$ 259,584$ 269,967$ 280,766$
Less direct and indirect costs on exported sets (120,000) (124,800) (129,792) (134,984) (140,383)
Profit on Hermosa’s component sales 120,000$ 124,800$ 129,792$ 134,984$ 140,383$
Less US taxes on component profits @ 40% 40% (48,000) (49,920) (51,917) (53,993) (56,153)
a) Net profit on component sales after-tax 72,000$ 74,880$ 77,875$ 80,990$ 84,230$
b) Cash flow from Argentina to Hermosa (US) 512,000$ 574,208$ 644,159$ 722,775$ 811,085$
Cash flow loss on Hermosa’s loss of exports (480,000) (499,200) (519,168) (539,935) (561,532)
Less US taxes on export losses 40% 192,000 199,680 207,667 215,974 224,613
c) Net cash flow reduction after-tax (288,000)$ (299,520)$ (311,501)$ (323,961)$ (336,919)$
d) Recapture of NWC in Argentina (no tax) 1,000,000$
Total parent cash flow, after-tax (a+b+c+d) 296,000 349,568 410,533 479,804 1,558,395
Initial investment (2,000,000)
Free cash flow to parent for discounting (2,000,000)$ 296,000$ 349,568$ 410,533$ 479,804$ 1,558,395$
Internal rate of return (IRR) 12.4%
Net present value (NPV) (159,225)$
Although the investment has a positive NPV on the project level, the prospective investment from the parent’s viewpoint is negative.
The project as described should be rejected.
Problem 18.8 Hermosa Components: Revenue Growth Scenario
As a result of their analysis in the previous question, Hermosa wishes to explore the implications of being able to grow sales volume by 4% per year. Argentine inflation
is expected to average 5% per year, so sales price and material cost increases of 7% and 6% per year, respectively, are thought reasonable. Although material costs in
Argentina are expected to rise, US-based costs are not expected to change over the five year period. Evaluate this scenario for both the project and parent viewpoints. Is
the project under this revenue growth scenario acceptable?
Assumptions Value Growth Assumptions Value
Light bulb export volume to Argentina, per year 24,000 4.00% Sales multiple in year 5 6.00
Sales price per set in Argentina 60.00$ 7.00%
Material costs per set in Argentina 20.00$ 6.00%
Material and shipping costs of imports per set 10.00$ 0.00%
Direct & indirect cost per set 5.00$ 0.00%
Depreciable investment (buildings & equipment) 1,000,000$
Initial investment in net working capital 1,000,000$
Discount rate in Argentina 15.00%
Project Year 0 1 2 3 4 5
Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The capital budgeting analysis needs to be performed on both the Project Level (Project Viewpoint) and the Parent Level (Parent Viewpoint).
Project Cash Flows in Argentina: Project Viewpoint
Annual units sold (sets) 24,000 24,960 25,958 26,997 28,077
Sales price in Argentina per set 60.00$ 64.20$ 68.69$ 73.50$ 78.65$
Sales revenue 1,440,000$ 1,602,432$ 1,783,186$ 1,984,330$ 2,208,162$
Less direct manufacturing and shipping costs (480,000) (529,152) (583,337) (643,071) (708,921)
Less cost of US components @ $10/set (240,000) (249,600) (259,584) (269,967) (280,766)
Gross profit 720,000 823,680 940,265 1,071,291 1,218,475
Less depreciation (200,000) (200,000) (200,000) (200,000) (200,000)
Pre-tax profit 520,000 623,680 740,265 871,291 1,018,475
Less 40% Argentine taxes 40% (208,000) (249,472) (296,106) (348,517) (407,390)
Net income 312,000 374,208 444,159 522,775 611,085
Add back depreciation 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000
Annual project cash flow 512,000 574,208 644,159 722,775 811,085
Sales value in year 5 (multiple of earnings) 3,666,509
Initial investment, total (2,000,000)
Free cash flow for discounting (2,000,000)$ 512,000$ 574,208$ 644,159$ 722,775$ 4,477,594$
Internal rate of return (IRR) 38.2%
Net present value (NPV) 1,942,351$
The Parent Viewpoint needs to consider all incremental cash flow impacts including loss on export sales to Argentina (current practice).
Cash Flows to Hermosa in US: Parent Viewpoint
Sales revenue on exports to Argentina 240,000$ 249,600$ 259,584$ 269,967$ 280,766$
Less direct and indirect costs on exported sets (120,000) (124,800) (129,792) (134,984) (140,383)
Profit on Hermosa’s component sales 120,000$ 124,800$ 129,792$ 134,984$ 140,383$
Less US taxes on component profits @ 40% 40% (48,000) (49,920) (51,917) (53,993) (56,153)
a) Net profit on component sales after-tax 72,000$ 74,880$ 77,875$ 80,990$ 84,230$
b) Cash flow from Argentina to Hermosa (US) 512,000$ 574,208$ 644,159$ 722,775$ 811,085$
Cash flow loss on Hermosa’s loss of exports (480,000) (499,200) (519,168) (539,935) (561,532)
Less US taxes on export losses 40% 192,000 199,680 207,667 215,974 224,613
c) Net cash flow reduction after-tax (288,000)$ (299,520)$ (311,501)$ (323,961)$ (336,919)$
d) Cash flow from sale of Argentine subsidiary (not taxed) 3,666,509$
Total parent cash flow, after-tax (a+b+c+d) 296,000 349,568 410,533 479,804 4,224,904
Initial investment (2,000,000)
Free cash flow to parent for discounting (2,000,000)$ 296,000$ 349,568$ 410,533$ 479,804$ 4,224,904$
Internal rate of return (IRR) 28.8%
Net present value (NPV) 1,166,501$
The project is acceptable on both levels. The higher sale value results in a significant increase in the project net cash flows to the US parent.
Problem 18.9 Hermosa Components: Revenue Growth and Sales Price Scenario
In addition to the assumptions employed in problem 8, Hermosa now wishes to evaluate the prospect of being able to sell the Argentine subsidiary at the end of year 5 at a
multiple of the business’s earnings in that year. Hermosa believes that a multiple of 6 is a conservative estimate of the market value of the firm at that time. Evaluate the
project and parent viewpoint capital budgets.
Assumptions Value Growth Assumptions Value
Light bulb export volume to Argentina, per year 24,000 4.00% Sales multiple in year 5 6.00
Sales price per set in Argentina 60.00$ 7.00% Spot rate, 2003 (Pesos/US$) 3.50
Material costs per set in Argentina 20.00$ 6.00% US inflation rate, per annum 1.00%
Material and shipping costs of imports per set 10.00$ 0.00% Argentine inflation rate, per annum 5.00%
Direct & indirect cost per set 5.00$ 0.00% Discount rate in United States 18.00%
Depreciable investment (buildings & equipment) 1,000,000$
Initial investment in net working capital 1,000,000$
Discount rate in Argentina 20.00%
Project Year 0 1 2 3 4 5
Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
PPP Expected Exchange Rate (Pesos/US$) 3.50 3.64 3.78 3.93 4.09 4.25
Project Cash Flows in Argentina: Project Viewpoint (Argentine pesos)
Annual units sold (sets) 24,000 24,960 25,958 26,997 28,077
Sales price in Argentina per set (in US$) 60.00$ 64.20$ 68.69$ 73.50$ 78.65$
Sales price in Argentine per set (in pesos) 218.32 242.85 270.14 300.50 334.27
Sales revenue (Argentine pesos) 5,239,604 6,061,547 7,012,430 8,112,479 9,385,094
Less direct manufacturing and shipping costs (1,746,535) (2,001,632) (2,293,990) (2,629,048) (3,013,046)
Less cost of US components @ $10/set (873,267) (944,166) (1,020,821) (1,103,700) (1,193,307)
Gross profit 2,619,802 3,115,749 3,697,619 4,379,731 5,178,741
Less depreciation (700,000) (700,000) (700,000) (700,000) (700,000)
Pre-tax profit 1,919,802 2,415,749 2,997,619 3,679,731 4,478,741
Less 40% Argentine taxes 40% (767,921) (966,299) (1,199,048) (1,471,892) (1,791,496)
Net income 1,151,881 1,449,449 1,798,571 2,207,838 2,687,245
Add back depreciation 700,000 700,000 700,000 700,000 700,000
Annual project cash flow 1,851,881 2,149,449 2,498,571 2,907,838 3,387,245
Sales value in year 5 (multiple of earnings) 16,123,468
Initial investment, total (7,000,000)
Free cash flow for discounting (pesos) (7,000,000) 1,851,881 2,149,449 2,498,571 2,907,838 19,510,713
Internal rate of return (IRR) 43.9%
Net present value (NPV) 6,725,072
The Parent Viewpoint needs to consider all incremental cash flow impacts including loss on export sales to Argentina (current practice).
Cash Flows to Hermosa in US: Parent Viewpoint
Sales revenue on exports to Argentina 240,000$ 249,600$ 259,584$ 269,967$ 280,766$
Less direct and indirect costs on exported sets (120,000) (124,800) (129,792) (134,984) (140,383)
Profit on Hermosa’s component sales 120,000$ 124,800$ 129,792$ 134,984$ 140,383$
Less US taxes on component profits @ 40% 40% (48,000) (49,920) (51,917) (53,993) (56,153)
a) Net profit on component sales after-tax 72,000$ 74,880$ 77,875$ 80,990$ 84,230$
b) Cash flow from Argentina to Hermosa (US) 508,952$ 568,229$ 635,360$ 711,263$ 796,964$
Cash flow loss on Hermosa’s loss of exports (480,000) (499,200) (519,168) (539,935) (561,532)
Less US taxes on export losses 40% 192,000 199,680 207,667 215,974 224,613
c) Net cash flow reduction after-tax (288,000)$ (299,520)$ (311,501)$ (323,961)$ (336,919)$
d) Cash flow from sale of Argentine subsidiary (not taxed) 3,793,593$
Total parent cash flow, after-tax (a+b+c+d) 292,952 343,589 401,735 468,293 4,337,868
Initial investment (2,000,000)
Free cash flow to parent for discounting (2,000,000)$ 292,952$ 343,589$ 401,735$ 468,293$ 4,337,868$
Internal rate of return (IRR) 29.1%
Net present value (NPV) 684,343
Problem 18.10 Hermosa Components: Revenue Growth, Sales Price and Currency Risk Scenario
Melinda Deane, a new analysts at Hermosa and a recent MBA graduate, believes that it is a fundamental error to evaluate the Argentine project’s prospective earnings and
cash flows in dollars, rather than first estimating their Argentine peso (Ps) value and then converting cash flow returns to the U.S. in dollars. She believes the correct
method is to use the end-of-year spot rate in 2012 of Ps3.50/$ and assume it will change in relation to purchasing power. (She is assuming U.S. inflation to be 1% per
annum, Argentine inflation to be 5% per annum). She also believes that Hermosa should use a risk-adjusted discount rate in Argentina which reflects Argentine capital
costs (20% is her estimate) and a risk-adjusted discount rate for the parent viewpoint capital budget (18%) on the assumption that international projects in a risky currency
environment should require a higher expected return than other lower risk projects. How do these assumptions and changes alter Hermosa’s perspective on the proposed
investment?
The project is acceptable on both levels, despite the deteriorating peso scenario and the higher discount rates.
Note: One way of checking the accuracy of your spreadsheet solution is to assume that the initial spot rate is Ps1.00/$, and the inflation rates
in both countries are zero. The results should be identical to those in the previous problem.