Chapter Twenty-Two – Noise and Vibration Hazards
1. Dene the term sound.
2. What is the dierence between sound and noise?
3. Dierentiate between sound and vibration.
Sound and vibration are very similar. Sound typically relates to a sensation
4. Describe the relationship between the pitch of sound and the cycle of sound
waves.
The more frequently the sound waves cross the normal atmospheric
5. List and brie.y explain the three broad types of industrial noise.
Wide band noise is noise that is distributed over a wide range of
frequencies.
6. Describe the various physiological problems associated with excessive noise.
Exposure to excessive noise levels for an extended period of time can
damage the inner ear in such a way that the ability to hear high-frequency
7. List four factors that aect the risk of hearing loss from exposure to excessive
noise.
Intensity of the noise
Type of noise
Duration of daily exposure
8. At what sound level is it necessary to begin using some type of personal
protection?
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2 Gitman/Zutter • Principles of Managerial Finance, Fourteenth Edition
9. Give a brief description of ANSI S12.13.
This standard is designed to help safety and health professionals determine if
audiometric testing programs, pinpoint problems among particular groups
10. Give a brief description of OSHA 29 CFR 1910.95, Hearing Conservation
Amendment.
This amendment requires employers to implement hearing conservation
11. What factors do medical professionals consider in making determinations of
causal relationships relating to hearing loss?
Onset and progress of the employee’s history of hearing loss
The employee’s complete work history
12. Dene the following terms: follow-up, noise survey, audiometric testing.
It is important to follow-up on even the slightest evidence of change of
physiological damage.
the tests are conducted according to ANSI S12.13 – 1991, they can detect
changes in the hearing threshold of an employee.
13. List three appropriate follow-up activities when an audiometric test reveals
hearing loss in an employee.
Administering a retest to verify the hearing loss
14. Dierentiate between engineering and administrative controls.
Engineering controls are procedures other than administrative or
15. What is HAV? How can it be prevented?
The most common form of vibration is known as hand-arm vibration
syndrome or HAV. Eastman describes HAV as follows: “The condition, a form
Chapter 1 The Role of Managerial Finance 3
16. Explain the four classications of HPDs that are widely used.
Enclosures are devices that completely encompass the employee’s head,
17. Explain the main components of an evaluation of a hearing loss prevention
program.
Training and education; supervisor involvement; noise measurement;
Chapter Twenty-Three – Computers, Automation, and Robots
1. Brie.y summarize how automation has changed the workplace.
2. List ve eects that automation of the workplace has had on workers.
Reducing the amount of physical labor they must perform
Increasing the amount of mental work required
3. What are the safety and health problems most widely associated with VDT use?
4. List three strategies for reducing the psychological and physiological problems
associated with VDT use.
Faster computer response time. This is a matter of upgrading the
4 Gitman/Zutter • Principles of Managerial Finance, Fourteenth Edition
5. Explain the four factors that make robots more potentially dangerous than other
machines.
Their ability to acquire intelligence through programming
6. List and explain the specic hazards associated with human-robot interaction.
Being struck by a moving robot while inside the work envelope
7. Explain four specic strategies for minimizing the hazards associated with
interacting with a robot.
Ensure a glare-free, well-lighted robot site
Keep the .oors in and around the robot site carefully maintained, clean,
8. Name six safety and health problems widely associated with oCce automation.
Eye fatigue
Seeing double images and complementary colors
Headache
Yawny feelings
9. Explain three of the principles set forth by the Japanese Association of Industrial
Health for the development of safety and health measures for oCce automation.
More attention should be focused on bringing employers and employees
together for the purpose of improving working conditions in automated
oCces.
Chapter 1 The Role of Managerial Finance 5
10. Dene the term maladaptation and explain how it manifests itself in workers.
Maladaptation can manifest itself as an urge to quit work; fatigue;
11. List ve strategies for minimizing the potential for occurrences of
maladaptation.
Match the human system and the computer system
Position machine systems as human-supportive systems
Adapt human-computer interaction to human use
Initiate job-changing opportunities
12. Dene the following automation-related terms: powerlessness,
meaninglessness, normlessness, mindlessness.
Powerlessness is the feeling workers have when they are not able to
control the work environment.
13. Mindlessness in the workplace can lead to a number of other problems. Name
ve of them.
Increase in alcoholism
Drug abuse
Employee theft
Work-related accidents
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14. What is an ergonomic management program?
It consists of activities undertaken to prevent ergonomic-related injuries
15. Dene the term sociotechnical system theory. Explain each of its six
components.
The socio-technical system may be roughly understood if the man and
machine in the man-machine system are replaced by socio and technical
respectively. It refers to a system composed of a work group and high
technology.
Variance control involves controlling the unexpected events that
can be introduced by new technologies.
The concept of boundary location involves the classication of
work.
16. Explain how you would ensure that a new robot system was safe for its
operators and other workers.
Construction of a safety fence around the system that denes the work
envelope of the system
system component goes beyond its predetermined operational range
17. What eect might increasingly intense international competition and the need
to improve productivity have on workplace safety and health in the future?
Chapter 1 The Role of Managerial Finance 7
Increasingly intense international competition may magnify the tendency
for companies to neglect safety and health precautions in favor of short-
term productivity gains.
The level of mental stress is likely to increase as the automated
manipulation of information forces workers to continually try to handle too
much information that is poorly understood.
18. What role might you play as a new safety and health professional in meeting
the future challenges of an automated workplace?
Chapter Twenty-Four – Bloodborne Pathogens and Bacterial Hazards in the
Workplace
1. What does the acronym AIDS mean?
2. List ve symptoms of AIDS.
Enlarged Lymph nodes that persist
Persistent fevers
Involuntary weight loss
3. What are the three known ways AIDS is transmitted?
Sexual contact
4. List the groups of people who are considered high risk with regard to AIDS.
Homosexuals who do not take appropriate precautions
IV drug users who share needles
People with a history of multiple blood transfusions
5. List ve ways AIDS is not transmitted.
Casual social contact
8 Gitman/Zutter • Principles of Managerial Finance, Fourteenth Edition
Handshakes, social kissing, coughs, sneezes, drinking fountains,
swimming pools, toilet facilities, eating utensils, oCce equipment, or by
being next to an infected person
6. Describe the ways in which AIDS is having an impact in the workplace.
Employers are feeling the impact of AIDS in increased insurance premiums
and health care costs, time on the job losses, decreased productivity,
7. Brie.y explain the minimum components of a corporate AIDS policy.
8. Explain how the following legal concepts relate to AIDS; otherwise qualied,
essential functions, reasonable accommodations.
Otherwise Quali’ed – A handicapped person is otherwise qualied when
Essential Functions – Those functions, as described by the courts
Reasonable Accommodation – What constitutes reasonable
9. Brie.y explain both sides of the AIDS testing controversy.
On one side of the testing controversy are the issues of fairness, accuracy,
10. What are the most widely used HIV antibody tests for screening and conrming
AIDS?
Ensuring the accuracy of an HIV test (there is no such thing as an AIDS test)
11. Name four purposes a well-planned AIDS education program can serve.
It can give management the facts needed to develop policy and make
informed decisions with regard to AIDS.
12. How should a safety and health professional proceed when confronted by an
employee who thinks he or she has AIDS?
Chapter 1 The Role of Managerial Finance 9
Listen
13. Brie.y explain the steps a company can take to alleviate the fears of employees
about AIDS.
Work with higher management to establish an AIDS
education/awareness program, which covers the following topics at a
minimum: 1) how HIV is transmitted; 2) precautions that workers can take;
and 3) concerns about AIDS testing.
14. Explain how OSHA categorizes work tasks relative to exposure to HIV infection.
Jobs that fall into Category I involve routine exposure to blood, body .uids,
or tissues that might be HIV-infected.
15. List four ways any person can guard against contracting AIDS.
Abstain from sex or have a mutually monogamous marriage/relationship
with an infection-free partner.
Refrain from having sex with multiple partners or with a person who has
multiple partners. The more partners one has, the greater the risk of
infection.
16. How can CPR be administered safely?
Disposable face masks and various other types of personal protective
17. Explain why HBV poses more of a problem for safety personnel than HIV does.
HBV can live on surfaces for up to a week if it is exposed to air. It also is
much more concentrated than HIV. It is caused by a double-shelled virus.
It can be transmitted in the workplace in the following ways: contact with
blood and contact with bodily .uids including tears, saliva, and semen. It
10 Gitman/Zutter • Principles of Managerial Finance, Fourteenth Edition
18. Explain the primary prevention strategies for HCV.
Primary prevention activities
Screening and testing blood, plasma, organ, tissue, and semen donors
Virus inactivation of plasma-derived products
19. What are the recommended steps in a needlestick prevention program?
A ve-step model includes: form a sharps injury prevention team, identify