Chapter Twenty – Industrial Hygiene and Conned Spaces
1. Dene the term industrial hygiene.
Industrial hygiene is an area of specialization in the eld of industrial safety
and health that is concerned with predicting, recognizing, assessing, controlling,
2. Brie y explain the responsibilities of the modern industrial hygienist.
To ensure the health of employees.
To maintain an objective approach in recognizing, assessing, controlling,
and preventing health hazards regardless of outside pressure and
in uence.
3. What is the role of the safety and health professional regarding industrial
hygiene?
In a setting where specialists are available, safety and health
professionals use their recommendations in developing, implementing,
4. List ve OSHA requirements relating to industrial hygiene.
Use of warning labels and other means to make employees aware of
potential hazards, symptoms of exposure, precautions, and emergency
treatment.
Prescription of appropriate personal protective equipment and other
technological preventive measures.
5. Brie y explain the typical categories of hazards in the workplace.
Chemical hazards include mists, vapors, gases, dusts, and fumes. They
are either inhaled or absorbed through the skin, or both.
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2 Gitman/Zutter • Principles of Managerial Finance, Fourteenth Edition
6. What are the most common routes of entry for toxic agents?
7. Describe the following types of airborne contaminants: dust, fumes, smoke,
mists, gases.
Dusts are various types of solid particles that are produced when a given
type of organic or inorganic material is scraped, sawed, ground, drilled, handled,
heated, crushed, or otherwise deformed.
8. What factors should be considered in deciding whether to remove or contain
asbestos.
Is there evidence that the ACM is deteriorating? What is the potential for
future deterioration?
9. Summarize the various elements of ANSI Z9.8 (indoor air quality/HVAC).
It is very specically written to apply primarily to oDce space. It requires
10. Explain the following ways of dealing with asbestos in the workplace: removal,
enclosure, encapsulation.
Enclosure – Enclosing an area containing ACMs involves completely
Encapsulation – Encapsulation of asbestos involves spraying the ACMs
11. What types of medical examinations should be required of employees who
handle ACMs?
Medical examinations, conducted at least annually, should also be
required of employees who handle ACMs. These examinations should
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12. Brie y explain the following concepts relating to exposure thresholds:
time-weighted average, short-term exposure limit, exposure ceiling.
The time-weighted average (TWA) is the average concentration of a given
substance to which employees may be safely exposed over an eight-hour
workday or a forty-hour workweek.
13. List the most important considerations when evaluating hazards in the
workplace.
When evaluating hazards the following considerations are important: the
14. List ve generic prevention and control strategies that can be used in any
workplace.
Substituting a less harmful substance for one that is hazardous to health
Changing or altering a process to minimize worker exposure
Isolating or enclosing a process or work operation to reduce the number
of persons exposed
Using wet methods to reduce the generation of dust in operations such
as mining
15. Give an example of a prevention/control strategy in each of the following
categories: engineering controls, ventilation, person protective equipment.
Engineering Controls – The category of engineering controls includes
such strategies as replacing a toxic material with one that is less hazardous
4 Gitman/Zutter • Principles of Managerial Finance, Fourteenth Edition
Personal Protective Equipment – When the work environment cannot be
16. Explain ve self-protection strategies employees can use in the workplace.
Know the hazards in your workplace.
Know the possible e3ects of hazards in your workplace.
17. How does NIOSH relate to industrial hygiene?
The main focus of the agency’s research is on toxicity levels and human
18. What is a toxic substance?
19. List the factors that determine the e3ect a toxic substance will have.
Properties of the substance
Amount of the dose
20. Describe the most common routes of entry for toxic substances.
Ingestion – Ingestion, not a major concern in an industrial setting, is entry
Injection – Injection involves introducing a substance into the body using a
Inhalation – Airborne toxic substances can be inhaled and pass through
21. Explain the mathematical expression of the dose-response relationship.
(C) x (T) = K
C = concentration
T = duration
K = constant. Note that in this relationship C times T is approximately equal
22. Dene the following terms: dose threshold, lethal dose, lethal concentration.
Dose Threshold – The dose threshold is the minimum dose required to
Lethal Dose – A lethal dose of a given substance is the dose that is highly
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Lethal Concentration – A lethal concentration of an inhaled substance is
23. Di3erentiate between acute and chronic e3ects/exposures.
Acute e3ects/exposures involve a sudden dose of a highly concentrated
24. List and describe the various classications of airborne toxics.
Irritants – Irritants are substances that cause irritation to the skin, eyes,
Asphyxiants – Asphyxiants are substances that can disrupt breathing so
Narcotics/Anesthetics – Narcotics and anesthetics are similar in that in
25. What is a carcinogen?
26. Describe the basic provisions of the OSHA’s Chemical Process Standard.
OSHA’s Chemical Process Standard – The standard requires chemical
producers to analyze their process to identify potentially hazardous
situations and to assess the extent of the hazard. Having done so they must
accommodate their knowledge in their emergency response plans.
Make sure that extension cords and other accessories are UL approved
and used only as recommended.
other oDce machines that might overheat.
Locate heat-producing appliances away from the wall or anything else
that could ignite.
Frequently inspect personal appliances away from the wall or anything
else that could ignite.
Frequently inspect personal appliances such as hot plates, co3ee pots,
and cup warmers. Assign a specic person responsibility for turning o3 such
appliances every day.
28. Dene the following terms: time-weighted average, ceiling.
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Time-Weighted Averages – The time-weighted average is the level of
29. Explain the three NIOSH categories of respirators.
Class N respirators may be used only in environments that contain no oil-
based particulates.
30. What is the “sick-building” syndrome?
A sick building is one that makes people sick because it has become
31. Explain the major tenets of the OSHA Conned Space Standard.
This standard mandates that entry permits be required before employees
32. Explain the various elements that should be included in an organization’s
conned space management policy.
Administrative Controls
33. Summarize the requirements of OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard.
Any organization that uses hazardous materials in the workplace is
Chapter Twenty-One – Radiation Hazards
1. Dene the following terms and concepts relating to ionizing radiation; radiation,
restricted area, dose, rem, radiation area.
Radiation consists of energetic nuclear particles and includes alpha rays,
beta rays, gamma rays, X-rays, neutrons, high-speed electrons, and high-speed
protons.
A restricted area is any area to which access is restricted in an attempt
to protect employees from exposure to radiation or radioactive materials.
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2. What is the maximum dose of radiation allowed to the whole body during a
calendar quarter for a 17-year-old individual?
Employers must ensure even more careful controls with individuals under
3. Explain the requirements of employers regarding the use of personal monitoring
devices.
Employers must conduct comprehensive surveys to identify and
evaluate radiation hazards present in the workplace from any and all
sources.
4. List the situations in which caution signs are required of employers.
Caution signs are required by both OSHA and the NRC in radiation areas,
5. Describe, in OSHA’s language, the required evacuation warning signal.
The signal shall be a mid-frequency complex sound wave amplitude
modulated at a subsonic frequency. The complex sound wave in free space
6. How should radioactive material be treated when stored in a nonrestricted area?
7. Describe the incidents that require immediate notication concerning radiation
overexposure.
Exposure of the whole body of any individual to 25 rems or more of
radiation; exposure of the skin of the whole body of any individual to 150
8. List the required contents in a written report of radiation overexposure.
Each report should contain the following material, as applicable: extent of
exposure of employees to radiation or radioactive materials; levels of
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9. Dene the term nonionizing radiation.
Nonionizing radiation is that radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum
10. What are the primary sources of concern regarding nonionizing radiation?
The greatest concerns about nonionizing radiation relate to the following
11. Describe the anecdotal and scientic evidence linking EMR to cancer.
According to Reedy, farmers near high-tension power transmission lines
noticed that crops growing near the lines didn’t grow as well as other crops.
Dairy cows grazing under or near high-tension power transmission gave less
12. What does the Nuclear Regulatory Commission do?
The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission publishes Form 3 in a question-