Chapter Eighteen – Electrical Hazards
1. Dene zero potential. Explain the relationship between zero potential and
grounding.
The path of electrical current must make a complete loop in order for the
current to ow. This loop includes the source of electrical power, a
conductor to act as the path, a device to use the current, called a load, and a
2. Explain what each of the following terms measure: volt, amp, ohm, hertz, and
watt.
Ohm – One ohm is the resistance of a conductor that has a current of 1
Watt – Power is measured in wattage or watts and can be determined from
3. Briey discuss the di%erence between DC and AC using the concept of e%ective
current.
A direct current or DC current has been found to generate as much heat
4. What is the relationship between the NEC and UL?
5. Briey state the relationship between potential di%erence, lightning, and
grounding.
6. Dene open ground.
7. List at least ve lightning hazard control measures.
Place lightning rods so that the upper end is higher than nearby
structures.
Avoid standing in high places or near tall objects. Be aware that trees in
an open eld may be the tallest objects nearby.
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2 Gitman/Zutter • Principles of Managerial Finance, Fourteenth Edition
If in a small boat, lie down in the bottom of the boat.
If in a metal building, stay in the building and do not touch the walls of
the building.
8. Explain the relationship between circuit load and short circuits.
9. How do ionizers, radioactive neutralizers, and antistatic materials work? Why
does humidication work?
Ionizers and electrostatic neutralizers ionize the air surrounding a charged
10. Discuss how bonding and grounding work together to increase electrical safety.
Bonding is used to connect two pieces of equipment by a conductor.
11. How do continuity testers, circuit testers, and receptacle wiring testers operate?
A continuity tester may be used to determine whether a conductor is
properly grounded or has a break in the circuit. A circuit tester is an
inexpensive piece of test equipment with two wire leads capped by
current. When one of the leads makes contact with a hot wire and the other
lead connects to a grounded conductor, the bulb lights. A receptacle wiring
tester is a device with two standard plug probes for insertion into an ordinary
12. Explain freeze and let go current.
Some levels of current freeze a person to the conductor; the person
13. Describe the structure of an atom.
Figure 12-1 shows the basic structure of an atom, with the positively
Chapter 1 The Role of Managerial Finance 3
particular quantity of negative charges. The basic characteristics of a
material are determined by the number of electron rings and the number
14. Discuss the proper wiring of a three-wire circuit.
15. Why is jumping the ground wire a hazard?
One common mistake is to jump the ground wire to the neutral wire. In this
case, the ground wire is actually connected to the neutral wire. Equipment
16. Explain reversed polarity.
With reversed polarity, the hot and neutral wires have been reversed.
Anyone coming later to work on this equipment may not realize that the
17. Why are warning devices less e%ective than designed-in safety precautions?
Warning devices to alert personnel about detected hazards may include
lights, colored indicators, on/o% blinkers, audible signals, or labels. It is better
18. Explain ve strategies for establishing an e%ective electrical safety program.
Provide all workers with adequate training in the identication and
control of the hazards associated with electrical energy in their workplace.
Provide additional specialized electrical safety training to those working
with or around exposed components of electric circuits.
Develop and implement procedures to control hazardous electrical
energy that include lockout and tagout procedures.
19. Explain why it is so important for safety personnel to help employees and
supervisors conduct self-assessments.
4 Gitman/Zutter • Principles of Managerial Finance, Fourteenth Edition
20. Explain how to reduce arc ash hazards.
Perform a ash hazard analysis
Chapter Nineteen – Fire Hazards and Life Safety
1. What are the three elements of the re triangle?
Oxygen
2. Fire is a chemical reaction. What is going on?
Fire is a chemical reaction between oxygen and a combustible fuel.
Combustion is the process by which re converts fuel and oxygen into
energy, usually in the form of heat. By-products of combustion include light
and smoke. For the reaction to start, there must also be either a source of ignition,
3. Where is carbon found?
4. Compare and contrast carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide is produced when there is more oxygen than the re
needs. It is not toxic, but can be produced in such volumes as to seriously
5. How is combustion of liquids and solids di%erent from gases?
6. What are the three methods of heat transfer? Describe each.
Conduction is direct thermal energy transfer. On a molecular level,
materials near a source of heat absorb the heat, raising their kinetic
7. What can happen to a pile of oil-soaked rags in a closed container? Describe the
process.
The bers of the rags expose a large surface area of oil to oxidation. The
porous nature of rags allow oxygen in to replace that which is consumed.
Chapter 1 The Role of Managerial Finance 5
8. In which direction does a re normally travel?
Heat always ows from a higher temperature to a lower temperature, never
9. Name something in this room that will not burn.
10. What are the classes of re?
Class A Fires – Solid materials such as wood, plastic, textiles, and their
Class C Fires – Electrical (referring to live electricity situations, not
Class D Fires – Combustible, easily oxidized metals such as aluminum,
Special Categories – Extremely active oxidizers or mixtures, ammable
11. What property do almost all packing materials share?
12. What are the di%erences between ash point, re point, and auto–
ignition temperature?
The ash point is the lowest temperature for a given fuel at which vapors
are produced in suKcient concentrations to ash in the presence of a
source of ignition.
13. Which are more stable, combustible liquids or ammable liquids?
14. Which way do gases usually travel?
Gases expand to ll the volume of the container they are in, and they are
frequently lighter than air. Released gases are capable of traveling across
15. Describe the NFPA hazards identication system.
16. In what four ways can electricity cause a re?
Electrical lines and equipment can cause res either by a short circuit that
17. What are the leading causes of re-related deaths?
18. What are some of the toxic chemicals often produced by res?
Acrolein
Ammonia
6 Gitman/Zutter • Principles of Managerial Finance, Fourteenth Edition
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
19. What are some of the systems utilized by smoke detectors?
Thermal expansion detectors
Photoelectric re sensors
20. What is the most successful life-saving preparation for a re disaster?
21. Explain the best ways to prevent an oKce re.
Conne smoking to designated areas that are equipped with non-tip
ashtrays and re-resistant furnishings.
Periodically check electrical circuits and connections. Replace frayed or
worn cords immediately.
Make sure that extension cords and other accessories are UL approved
and used only as recommended.
22. What is the trend with regard to future re safety standards?
23. Dene the term life safety.
24. What types of fabrics are prohibited in environments that are ame or arc
prone?
25. Explain briey OSHA’s regulations for re brigades.
Include requirements for pre-re planning, an organizational statement,
26. Summarize the key components of a re safety program.
Chapter 1 The Role of Managerial Finance 7
27. Describe the precautions that should be taken for dip tanks, oil burners, and
spray-painting booths.
Dip tanks.
Dipping operations involving ammable or combustible substances
Oil burners.
The safest fuel to use in an oil burner is one that meets the
Spray-painting booths.
The hazard associated with spray-painting booths is that an
explosive mixture of paint vapor and air can occur. Proper
28. Explain all three of OSHA’s manual re ghting options.