Chapter Fifteen – Falling, Impact, Acceleration, Lifting, and Vision Hazards
1. List the primary causes of falls.
A foreign object on the walking surface
2. Explain briey the most common kinds of falls.
Trip and fall accidents occur when workers encounter an unseen foreign
object in their path.
3. Explain how surface traction is measured.
An e&ective way for comparing the relative traction of a given surface is to
4. List and briey explain +ve strategies for preventing slips.
Choose the right material from the outset.
Retro+t an existing surface.
5. Describe the various components of a slip and fall prevention program.
A policy statement/commitment serves the purpose of conveying
management’s commitment.
Review and acceptance of walkways contain the criteria that will be used
for reviewing all walking surfaces and determining if they are acceptable.
6. Explain the “trigger height” controversy over OSHA’s Fall Protection Standard for
construction.
The six foot trigger height means that virtually every small residential
builder and roo+ng contractor is subject to the standard. Because most
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
2 Gitman/Zutter • Principles of Managerial Finance, Fourteenth Edition
7. What are the requirements for personal fall arrest systems in OSHA regulation
1926.451(d)(16)?
Limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 900 pounds when used
with a body belt
Limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 1,800 pounds when
used with a body harness
8. What is a lanyard?
A exible line of rope, wire rope, or strap that generally has a connector at
9. Explain OSHA’s recommendations for e&ective fall protection.
Have a plan.
Establish proper fall protection requirements.
10. Explain how to assess the workplace for eye hazards.
OSHA recommends using the following questions in making a workplace
assessment:
Do employees perform tasks that may produce airborne dust or ying
particles?
Do employees work near others who perform tasks that may produce
airborne dust or ying particles?
11. What topics should be covered in eye protection training?
OSHA recommends training that covers the following topics:
Why it is important to use the eye-protection devices
How the devices protect the eyes
Limitations of the devices
Chapter 1 The Role of Managerial Finance 3
12. What should an employee look for when inspecting a ladder?
Is the ladder strong enough?
What do the labels say about weight capacity and applications?
Look for the following conditions: cracks on side rails; loose rungs, rails,
or braces; damaged connections between rungs and rails.
13. Briey summarize the evolution of hard hats in this country.
Originally introduced in 1919, the hard hats +rst used in an industrial
setting were inspired by the helmets worn by soldiers in World War I. Such
14. List six major kinds of injuries to the foot and toes that occur in the workplace
each year.
Falls/impact from sharp and/or heavy objects
Compression when rolled over by or pressed between heavy objects
Punctures through the sole of the foot
15. What are the typical causes of back injuries in the United States?
Back injuries in the workplace are typically caused by improper lifting,
16. Describe the six-step back safety/lifting program.
Display poster illustrations
Pre-employment screening
17. List four ways to minimize standing hazards.
Anti-fatigue mats
4 Gitman/Zutter • Principles of Managerial Finance, Fourteenth Edition
Shoe inserts
18. Explain the strategies for proper lifting that should be taught as part of the
safety program.
Plan ahead
Determine if you can lift the load
Decide if you need assistance
Check your route to see whether it has obstructions and slippery
surfaces
19. What are the critical factors to consider when selecting gloves?
20. Explain how to get employees more comfortable with using PPE.
Make maximum use of engineering and administrative controls
Ensure the optimum choice of PPE by using risk assessment
21. Explain the training requirement contained in OSHA’s standard 29 CFR
1910.178 (Powered industrial trucks).
Operating instruction, warnings, and precautions for the types of trucks
the operator will be authorized to operate.
Di&erences between the truck and automobile.
Truck controls and instrumentation.
Engine or motor operation.
Chapter 1 The Role of Managerial Finance 5
Chapter Sixteen – Hazards of Temperature Extremes
1. De+ne the following thermal comfort-related terms: conduction, convection, and
metabolic heat.
Conduction is the transfer of heat between two bodies that are touching
or from one location to another within the body.
Convection is the transfer of heat from one location to another by way of
a moving medium (gas or a liquid).
2. What is heat stress?
Heat stress is the net heat load to which a worker may be exposed from
3. What is heat strain?
4. De+ne the following terms: heat exhaustion, heat cramps, heat syncope, heat
rash, work tolerance time, and moisture vapor transfer rate.
Heat exhaustion results from loss through sweating of uid and salt that
are not properly replaced during exertion.
Heat cramps are muscle cramps that can occur when workers exert
themselves su’ciently to lose uids and salt through sweating, but
replace only the uids by drinking large amounts of water containing no
salt.
5. What are the symptoms of heat exhaustion?
Fatigue
Nausea and/or vomiting
Headache
6 Gitman/Zutter • Principles of Managerial Finance, Fourteenth Edition
6. How can heat strain be recognized?
A sustained rapid heart rate
Core body temperature is greater then 38.5C or 101.3F
Recovery rate one minute after a peak work e&ort is greater than 110
beats per minute
7. How does clothing a&ect the cooling process?
8. What factors inuence the WBGT?
9. Describe the various general controls in heat stress management.
Provide accurate verbal and written instructions, training programs, and
other information about heat stress and strain.
Encourage drinking small volumes of cool water about every 20 minutes.
Permit self-limitation of exposure.
10. How can cold stress be prevented?
When working in a setting in which wind is a factor, reduce the e&ect of
the wind by erecting a windscreen or wearing wind-breaking clothing
With light work, wear an outer layer of impermeable clothing; with
heavier work, wear an outer layer that is water repellent, but not
11. How does wind movement a&ect the way the body perceives temperature?
Wind or air movement causes the body to sense coldness beyond what
12. Describe the symptoms of cold stress and hypothermia.
Chapter 1 The Role of Managerial Finance 7
Frostbite – Frostbite is similar to burns in that it has three degrees. With
+rst-degree frostbite there is freezing but no blistering or peeling. With
Frostnip – Frostnip is less severe than frostbite. It causes the skin to turn
Trenchfoot – Trenchfoot is a condition that manifests itself as tingling,
itching, swelling, and pain. Trenchfoot is caused by continuous exposure
Hypothermia – Hypothermia is the condition that results when the body’s
13. Describe the various components of a cold stress prevention program.
Medical Supervision and Screening – Medical screening involves
identifying individuals who are particularly susceptible to cold stress,
Work Practice – Employees should understand and use proper work
Engineering and Administrative Controls – Company o’cials should
14. Describe the various purposes served by the skin.
The skin serves several important purposes including the following:
15. Describe and di&erentiate among +rst-, second-, and third-degree burns.
First-degree burns are minor and result only in a mild inammation of
the skin known as erythema. It is easily recognizable as a redness of the
skin that makes the skin sensitive and moderately painful to the touch.
16. Describe and di&erentiate among minor, moderate, and critical burns.
Minor Burns – All +rst-degree burns are considered minor. Second-
Moderate Burns – Second-degree burns that penetrate the epidermis but
Critical Burns – Second-degree burns covering more than 30 percent of
8 Gitman/Zutter • Principles of Managerial Finance, Fourteenth Edition
17. List the factors that determine the severity of a chemical burn.
Corrosive capability of the chemical
18. Explain the hazards of chemical burns besides tissue damage.
19. What should you do if an employee accidentally splashes a caustic chemical on
himself or herself?
Chapter Seventeen – Pressure Hazards
1. Against which references is pressure measured and how are these references
measured?
Pressure is de+ned in physics as the force exerted against an opposing uid
2. De+ne inspiration and expiration.
3. Explain Dalton’s law of partial pressures.
4. Does water vapor conform to Dalton’s law?
5. Briey discuss decompression sickness.
Decompression sickness can result from the decompression that
6. What do length of exposure, the bends, the chokes, and aseptic necrosis of bone
have in common?
7. De+ne hypoxia and hyperoxia.
A reduction in partial pressure can result from reduced available oxygen
and cause a problem in breathing known as hypoxia. Too much oxygen or
8. Explain nitrogen narcosis.
9. Discuss altitude sickness.
Altitude sickness is a form of hypoxia associated with high altitudes.
Ascent to an altitude of 10,000 feet above sea level can result in a feeling
Chapter 1 The Role of Managerial Finance 9
of malaise, shortness of breath, and fatigue. With ascent to 14,000 to
10. What is the relationship between trapped gas e&ects and dysbarism?
Trapped gas e&ects with a decrease in pressure will increase in volume
11. What is the di&erence between destructive and nondestructive testing?
12. Briey explain proof pressures.
Proof pressure tests often call for the pressure to be applied for a
13. What causes vacuums?
14. Explain three ways to conduct nondestructive testing of pressure vessels.
Mixing dye penetrants and magnetic or radioactive particles with the gas
15. What is the total decompression time for an employee who works for four hours
under pressure of 20 psig?