PART TWO
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
Chapter One – Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now
1. To what cause(s) can the improvements in workplace safety made to date be attributed?
Improvements in safety up to now have been the result of pressure for legislation to promote
2. Explain the signi%cance of the Code of Hammurabi in terms of the safety movement.
What is signi%cant about the code from the perspective of safety and health is that it
3. Describe the circumstances that led to the development of the %rst organized safety program.
In 1892 in a Joliet, Illinois, steel plant the %rst recorded safety program was established in
4. What is Frederick Taylor’s connection to the safety movement?
Although safety was not a major focus of his work, Taylor did draw a connection between
5. Explain the development of the National Safety Council.
The Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers (AISEE), formed in the early
1900s, pressed for a national conference on safety. As a result of the AlSEE’s e8orts, the %rst
meeting of the Cooperative Safety Congress took place in Milwaukee in 1912. A year after the
6. What impact did labor shortages in World War II have on the safety movement?
7. Explain how workplace tragedies have a8ected the safety movement. Give examples.
Safety and health tragedies in the workplace have greatly accelerated the pace of the
8. Explain the primary reasons behind the passage of OSHA.
Generally, the state legislated safety requirements only in speci%c industries, had
inadequate safety and health standards, and had inadequate budgets for enforcement. The injury
9. Summarize brie.y the role organized labor has played in the advancement of the safety
movement.
10. De%ne the following terms: fellow servant rule; contributory negligence; assumption of risk.
The most important contributions of organized labor to the safety movement was their
employees. If the actions of employees contributed to their own injuries, the employer
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
2 Gitman/Zutter • Principles of Managerial Finance, Fourteenth Edition
11. Explain the Three E’s of Safety.
Three E’s of Safety: Engineering – involves making design improvements to both
product and process; Education – ensures that employees know how to work safely; and
12. Explain the term integration as it relates to modern safety and health.
By working together and drawing on their own respective areas of expertise, safety and
Chapter Two – Accidents and Their E&ects
1. What are the leading causes of death in the United States?
2. When the overall cost of an accident is calculated, what elements make up the cost?
3. What are the %ve leading causes of accidental deaths in the United States?
4. What are the leading causes of death in the United States of people between the ages of 25 and
44?
5. Explain how todays’s rate of accidental work deaths now compares with the rate of the early
1900s.
6. What are the %ve leading causes of work deaths?
7. What are the %ve leading causes of work injuries by type of accident?
8. When death rates are classi%ed by industry type, what are the three leading industry types?
9. Rank the following body parts according to frequency of injury from highest to lowest: neck,
10. Name three chemicals that frequently cause chemical burns in the workplace.
Acids and alkalies; soaps, detergents, and cleaning compounds; solvents and
11. Identify three factors that contribute to heat burn injuries in the workplace.
Employer has no safety and health policy regarding heat hazards.
Employer fails to enforce safety procedures and practices.
Employees are not familiar with the employer’s safety policy and procedures
concerning heat hazards.
Chapter 1 The Role of Managerial Finance 3
12. Explain the di8erence between RSI and carpal tunnel syndrome.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is an injury to the median nerve inside the wrist. CTS is
13. Explain the reasons for high accident rates in developing countries.
Chapter Three – Theories of Accident Causation
1. Explain the domino theory of accident causation, including its origin and its impact on more
modern theories.
There are %ve factors in the sequence of events leading up to an accident: 1) ancestry
2. What were the %ndings of Herbert W. Heinrich’s 1920s study of the causes of industrial accidents?
88 percent of industrial accidents are caused by unsafe acts committed by fellow workers.
3. List %ve of Heinrich’s Axioms of Industrial Safety.
Accidents result from a completed series of factors, one of which is the accident itself.
An accident can occur only as the result of an unsafe act by a person and/or a
physical or mechanical hazard.
Most accidents are the result of unsafe behavior by people.
4. Explain the following concepts in the domino theory: preceding factor; central factor.
Heinrich’s theory has two central points: 1) injuries are caused by the action of preceding
5. What are the three broad factors that lead to human error in the human factor theory? Brie.y
explain each.
Overload – Overload amounts to an imbalance between a person’s capacity at any given
Inappropriate Response/Incompatibility – How a person responds in a given situation
Inappropriate Activities – Human error can be the result of inappropriate
6. Explain the systems failure component of the accident/incident theory.
4 Gitman/Zutter • Principles of Managerial Finance, Fourteenth Edition
First, it shows the potential for a causal relationship between management
7. What are the key components of the epidemiological theory and how does their interaction a8ect
accident causation?
The key components are predisposition characteristics and situational characteristics. These
8. Explain the systems theory of accident causation.
This theory views a situation in which an accident might occur as a system comprised of
the following components: person (host), machine (agency), and environment. The likelihood of
9. What impact do stressors have in the systems theory?
10. List %ve factors to consider before making workplace decisions that involve risk.
1) Job requirements, 2) the worker’s abilities and limitations, 3) what is gained if the task is
11. Explain the principles of behavior-based safety.
There are seven basic principles of BBS:
Intervention that is focused on employee behavior
Identi%cation of external factors that will help understand and improve employee
behavior
12. What is the role of the safety and health professional with regard to handling employees who
might be drug or alcohol abusers?
Safety and health professionals should be aware of the workplace problems that can be
13. List the warning signs of clinical depression.
Persistent dreary moods
Signs of too little sleep
Sleeping on the job or persistent drowsiness
14. What must management do if it is serous about providing a safe and healthy work environment
for employees?
15. Explain the connections between obesity and injuries.
Chapter 1 The Role of Managerial Finance 5
The most common causes of injuries to obese people were the result of overexertion
Chapter Four – Roles and Professional Certi,cations for Safety and Health Professionals
1. What types of positions might be included in a modern safety and health team?
2. Brie.y explain the impact such issues as workers’ compensation and the environment have had
on the commitment of corporate management to safety and health.
OSHA Standards, on-site inspections, and penalties have encouraged a greater commitment
3. What is the di8erence between a sta8 and a line position?
Line authority means the safety and health manager has authority over and supervises
certain employees. Sta8 authority means the safety and health manager is the sta8 person
4. Explain the types of problems modern safety and health managers can expect to confront in
attempting to implement their programs.
Lack of commitment
Top management may go along with having a company-wide safety and
5. Brie.y explain what a company must do in order to succeed in today’s competitive global
marketplace.
6. How can safety and health managers use the competitiveness issue to gain a commitment to
their programs?
Resources invested in safety and health can actually improve a company’s competitiveness.
7. List %ve di8erent college majors that can lead to a career as a safety and health manager.
8. Explain the importance of ongoing in-service training for modern safety and health managers and
how to get it.
In-service training, ongoing interaction with professional colleagues, and continued
9. How can safety and health managers become certi%ed in their profession?
In order to qualify to sit for a certi%cation examination, safety and health managers
10. Name three professional societies a safety and health manager may join.
American Academy of Industrial Hygiene
American Industrial Hygiene Association
6 Gitman/Zutter • Principles of Managerial Finance, Fourteenth Edition
11. What is meant by the statement “If a physician makes an error he might harm one person, but
an engineer who errs might harm one hundred”?
12. Explain how the design process can a8ect safety.
13. What typed of engineers are most likely to work as design engineers?
14. Why is the title safety engineer sometimes a misnomer?
It implies that the person %lling the position is a degreed engineer with formal education
15. What speci%c strengths might industrial engineers bring to bear as safety engineers?
Their knowledge of industrial systems, both manual and automated, can make them
16. What speci%c strengths might chemical engineers bring to the safety and health team?
17. What speci%c strengths might chemical engineers bring to the safety and health team?
A broad background has made the chemical engineer extremely versatile and capable of
18. Describe the job of the industrial hygienist.
To recognize environmental factors and to understand their e8ect on humans and
their well-being.
19. What is a health physicist?
Health physicists are concerned primarily with radiation in the workplace. Their duties
20. Describe the job of the occupational physician.
Appraisal, maintenance, restoration, and improvement of the workers’ health through
application of the principles of preventive medicine, emergency medical care, rehabilitation,
and environmental medicine.
21. Describe the job of the occupational health nurse.
To adopt the nursing program to meet the speci%c needs of the individual company.
To give competent nursing care for all employees.
To ensure that adequate resources are available to support the nursing program.
To seek out competent medical direction if it is not available on-site.
Chapter 1 The Role of Managerial Finance 7
22. Explain the concept of risk management.
23. Explain the role of the ergonomist.
CPE must meet the following requirements:
Must have a master’s degree in one of the correlative %elds of ergonomics, such as
biomechanics, human factor/ergonomics, industrial engineering, industrial hygiene,
24. Explain how to achieve each of the following certi%cations: Certi%ed Safety Professional, Certi%ed
Industrial Hygienist, and Certi%ed Professional Ergonomist.
Certi%ed Safety Professional
o Apply to the Board of Certi%ed Safety Professionals
Certi%ed Industrial Hygienist
25. Explain how to achieve the following certi%cation: Certi%ed Occupational Health Nurse-Safety
Manager.
Pass COHN-SM certi%cation Exam
Meet Academic Requirements