The cultivation differential is the difference in the percent giving the “television
answer” within comparable groups of light and heavy viewers.
The terms, rules, and premises of a speech code are inextricably woven into speaking
itself.
Because of their political majority (women comprise over 51% of voters), women are
not truly a muted group.
According to CMM, contexts are co-evolving even as people speak.
Homophily is a term used by behavioral scientists to describe what Burke called the
devil term.
Contemporary socio-cultural theorists claim that it is through the process of
communication that reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed.
According to Barthes, the image of the wrestler’s physique is the signified, while the
concept of ignobility or injustice is the signifier.
Bavelas no longer believes that you cannot communicate.
It is difficult to prove cause-and-effect relationships using the correlation data that
surveys yield.
Standpoint theorists maintain that an approach based on strong objectivity is the best
way to discover truth that is value-free and accessible to any objective observer.
Fisher argues that an ideal audience will be convinced by how concisely and rationally
a speaker argues.
Some mass communication scholars are critical of Barthes’ claim that all connotative
systems uphold the values of the dominant class.
The politics of why media organizations produce violent programming is beyond the
scope of cultivation’s tenets.
Convergence may be achieved through discourse management or the careful selection
of appropriate topics.
Petty and Cacioppo maintain that as long as people have a personal stake in accepting
or rejecting an idea, they will be much more influenced by the characteristics of the
persuader than by what the message says.
Students from collectivistic cultures tend to favor other-face concern.
The syllogism is an example of inductive reasoning.
Symbolic interactionists believe that language does not limit what we can know, but
helps clarify difficult concepts.
In the rhetorical tradition, oral public persuasion has been primarily the province of
men.
The interactionist approach is inherently vague.
Although Burgoon now examines a wider range of behavioral variables, her model has
been streamlined.
Bormann asserts that most fantasies fall on deaf ears.
Hirokawa and Gouran’s four requisite functions are almost exact replicas of Steps 2, 3,
4, and 5 in Dewey’s reflective-thinking process.
Marshall McLuhan advocated that message content was the agent of change.
Tag questions serve to soften the sting of potential disagreements that might drive
people apart.
According to Barthes, all semiological systems are mythic.
Facework refers to efforts to expose the true feelings and hidden agendas of one’s
counterpart in negotiation.
Although some reporters frame a story by the personal attributes of public figures they
select to describe, others are more objective.
Divergence represents an unconscious lack of awareness of the need to converge.
Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that when we make a major decision, we reduce
potential dissonance by looking for justification before completing the action associated
with the decision.
EVT successfully accounts for the overwhelming prevalence of reciprocity that has
been found in interpersonal interactions.
The greater the discrepancy, the more hearers will adjust their attitudes in the direction
advocated as long as the message falls within their latitude of acceptance.
One of the criticisms of cognitive dissonance theory is that it is too difficult to disprove.
High levels of uncertainty in a relationship cause increases in the intimacy level of
communication content.
For Berger, expectation of future interaction decreases our drive to reduce uncertainty.
Expectancy Violations Theory focuses exclusively on situations that involve unexpected
and unpleasant behavior.
Uncertainty reduction theory suggests that “opposites attract” by positing that increases
in uncertainty produce increases in liking.
Giles has maintained a narrow scope since the inception of his accommodation theory.
Unfortunately, the conduit model of communication has been largely discredited in
organizations and in everyday life.
What theory does Giles rely on to help explain the process of interpreting another’s
behavior?
A.Attribution theory
B.Cultural studies
C.Social identity theory
D.Speech accommodation theory
The ultimate motivation for all public speaking is to
A.blame God for all that happens.
B.purge ourselves of guilt.
C.become identified with others.
D.create a perspective by incongruity.
Janis to Roger: “You’ve never really knew me anyway!” What is the content message?
A.You’ve never really knew me anyway!
B.Janis is ending their relationship.
C.Janis is the more powerful or dominant member in the relationship.
D.These are all content messages.
The elaboration likelihood model indicates that if your audience will give their full
attention to your message, you should present them with
A.strong facts and figures.
B.strong evidence of source credibility.
C.moderate evidence of source credibility and strong appeals to the emotions.
D.None of the answers are correct
Deetz is convinced that meaningful democratic participation in corporate
decision-making
A.is impossible in a capitalistic society.
B.benefits both the employees and the corporation.
C.systematically undermines managers’ credibility.
D.is more important in the earlier stages of an organization than in its maturity.
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors Petronio explicitly suggests affects
our privacy rules?
A.culture
B.family background
C.motivation
D.risk/benefit ratio
What is the key factor that determines whether a CMC user’s message achieves the
level of intimacy that others develop face-to-face?
A.personalness of message content
B.length of time
C.amount of social information conveyed
D.directness of the message
Gerbner chose to allow cartoon action to be characterized as violence if it met other
criteria.
The unspoken agreement of family members to maintain the status quo, however
dysfunctional, is called
A.transitory communication.
B.family homeostasis.
C.reframing.
D.a symptom strategy.
Preponderant influence or domination, especially of one nation over another, is
A.totalitarianism.
B.ideology.
C.consensus.
D.hegemony.
Which methodology was advocated by Clifford Geertz and Michael Pacanowsky, and
Gerry Philipsen?
A.Ethnography
B.Experimental methods
C.Survey Research
D.Textual analysis
For a strict social scientist, humans ______________.
A.have the freedom to make choices
B.make responsible decisions
C.are unaffected by outside stimuli
D.are controlled by forces beyond their conscious control
A sign =
A.Signified/signifier
B.Signifier – signified
C.Signifier + signified
D.Signified + signifier + signifier + signifier +.
Sherif warns that because of the boomerang effect,
A.persuasion is virtually impossible in reference groups.
B.messages aimed to persuade the highly ego-involved may have an effect opposite of
what was intended.
C.anchor points must be carefully avoided.
D.the best strategy when addressing a person with low ego-involvement is to aim
within the non-commitment latitude.
Biased elaboration is associated with
A.top-down thinking.
B.bottom-up thinking.
C.exponential thinking.
D.oppositional thinking.
According to Hirokawa and Gouran, most comments from group members
A.focus on analyzing the central problem.
B.focus on goals and solutions.
C.interrupt rather than promote progress toward the goal.
D.overestimate the difficulties in decision making.
Which of the following is an example of performance ethnography?
A.Tamar Katriel’s study of a distinctive style of speaking of Israeli Jews.
B.Dwight Conquergood’s study of street gangs in Chicago.
C.Philipsen’s study of the speech code of Teamsterville residents.
D.Philipsen’s study of the speech code of Narirema, particularly as it is manifested on
Donahue.
A primary contribution of the cybernetic tradition to communication studies has been:
A.Technology has impacted how people persuade and inspire others.
B.Reality is shaped by culture.
C.History is characterized by an unjust distribution of suffering.
D.Communication as the link connecting separate parts of a system.
Perhaps more than any other single entry in the Feminist Dictionary, this phrase
illustrates a major achievement in feminist communication scholarship.
A.sisterhood
B.National Organization of Women
C.sexual harassment
D.pornography
To enhance stakeholder participation, Deetz recommends that
A.quality information must be widely distributed.
B.management must maintain its autonomy.
C.the social structure must grow from the top down.
D.all employees must embrace managerialism.
Dialogic Communication means that you
A.approximate the process of communication favored by Socrates in the dialogues of
Plato.
B.speak in a way that others can and will listen, and listen in a way that others can and
will speak.
C.control persons-in-communication; thereby establishing both coordination and
coherence.
D.encourage stories lived and stories told, but carefully avoid stories untold, stories
unknown, and stories unheard.
When others don’t know how to interpret your far-out behavior,
A.their overall attitude toward you will loom large.
B.the violation valence is salient.
C.the communicator reward valence will be overlooked.
D.kinesics will dominate their decision making.
The cognitive processing route that involves message elaboration is called the
A.peripheral route.
B.diffuse route.
C.direct route.
D.central route.
The response that is not typical of individuals from collectivistic cultures is
A.avoiding.
B.dominating.
C.obliging.
D.compromising.
A classic example of a collectivistic culture is
A.the United States.
B.Japan.
C.England.
D.Australia.
For interactionalists, what is required in order for the self to develop?
A.intimate or significant others
B.cognitive complexity
C.social interaction
D.coherence
The process through which a corporation suppresses potential conflict is called
A.managerialism.
B.corporate colonization.
C.discursive closure.
D.consent.
Kramarae begins with the basic assumption that women perceive the world differently
from men because of women’s and men’s different
A.functions in reproduction.
B.experience and activities rooted in the division of labor.
C.needs and wants.
D.beliefs and cognitive structures.
Determinists hold that
A.every effect has multiple, knowable causes.
B.every human act is ultimately voluntary.
C.environmental factors are usually irrelevant to human behavior.
D.heredity accounts for everything a person does.
Whenever Simon comes home, his roommate Paul is always there to greet him and ask
him how his day was. What is this according to SPT?
A.a relationship reward
B.a relationship cost
C.neither a cost nor a reward
D.It dependsit may be either a reward or a cost based on Simon’s assessment.
Aristotle envisioned rhetoric as
A.being focused on one-to-one communication.
B.addressing specific, practical questions.
C.a search for truth.
D.essentially immoral.
Our use of language creates terministic screens that dictate interpretations of life’s
drama.
Which of the following criteria is least applicable to humanistic theory?
A.aesthetic appeal
B.ability to generate change
C.relative simplicity
D.agreement within a community of scholars
Communication that calls an organization into being is referred to as
A.Sensemaking.
B.Constitution.
C.Activity Coordination.
D.Self-structuring.
Cultivation theory has been criticized
A.for a variety of methodological problems.
B.for its overreliance on laboratory testing.
C.because Gerbner’s prose is often obscure and nonlinear.
D.because the correlation between hours watched and the tendency to give “television
answers” is statistically insignificant.