Discovery of the chronic offender has forced criminologists to consider in their
explanations of crime.
a. marriage and employment
b. supervision and control
c. persistence and desistence
d. age and gender
Policies based on developmental theory feature multi-systemic treatment efforts
designed for older habitual offenders.
a. True
b. False
According to Cohen and Felson, why did crime rates increase between 1960 and 1980?
a. Because unemployment rose resulting in an increase in motivated offenders.
b. Because the amount of suburban neighborhoods decreased resulting in a population
shift to urban neighborhoods.
c. Because a demographic bulge in the population resulted in an increased number of
motivated offenders.
d. Because guardians decreased as a result of increased female participation in the
workforce.
The delinquent peer-crime relationship does not apply to popular kids because they are
too busy to commit crime.
a. True
b. False
Males are more likely than females to be victimized by someone they know.
a. True
b. False
Marvin Wolfgang’s 1958 study, PatternsinCriminalHomicideis an example of which
subarea of the criminological enterprise?
a. developing theories of crime causation
b. understanding and describing criminal behavior
c. criminal statistics/crime measurement
d. sociology of law
English judges created the concept of constructive possession to get around the element
of
a. intent in the taking.
b. deceit in the taking.
c. trespass in the taking.
d. trespass in the taking.
According to the rational choice approach, the decision to commit crime is structured
by
a. the presence of crime encouragers and absence of crime discouragers.
b. the characteristics of the victim and how the victim may react.
c. the absence or presence of competing offenders.
d. where the crime occurs and the characteristics of the target.
In adoption studies, which of the following strongly predicted a child’s criminal
behavior?
a. a criminal biological mother
b. a criminal adoptive mother
c. a criminal biological father
d. a criminal adoptive grandfather
Tying drug use to factors such as racial prejudice, low self-esteem, poor socioeconomic
status, and the high levels of mistrust, negativism, and defiance found in impoverished
areas describes whish causal explanation of drug use?
a. social learning
b. psychological view
c. subcultural view
d. problem behavior syndrome
Asian based transnational crime groups are quite active in all of the following areas
except
a. human trafficking
b. narcotics
c. money laundering
d. loan sharking
Developmental theories attempt to provide a natural history of criminal careers by
encompassing
a. its onset, continuation, and termination.
b. delinquency and criminal behaviors.
c. uni-dimensional and multidimensional treatment efforts.
d. offenders’ race/ethnicity, age, and gender.
Social process theories share one basic concept. Which is it?
a. All people, regardless of their race, class, or gender, are basically good.
b. All people, regardless of their race, class, or gender, have the potential to become
delinquents or criminals.
c. Criminal behavior is genetic, regardless of race, class, or gender.
d. Lower-class people, regardless of race or gender, are more prone to commit crime.
Which theory explains criminal careers in terms of stigma-producing encounters?
a. cultural deviance
b. differential association
c. social control
d. social reaction (labeling) theory
Supranational criminology is a specialization of critical theory that focuses on which
type of crimes?
a. white-collar crimes
b. environmental crimes
c. war crimes
d. predatory street crimes
Dickinson stopped as a prostitute for a while, but when her financial situation
deteriorated, she emailed the head of the call girl ring and asked about coming back to
work. Dickinson’s experience as a prostitute likely did not include which of the
following?
a. a better class of client
b. good pay
c. physical abuse
d. good working conditions
Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings by “appealing to higher loyalties.” Which
of the following would be an example of that technique?
a. Vandalizing the home of a disliked neighbor.
b. Attacking someone who is arguing with a friend.
c. Stealing from a large department store that “has plenty of money.”
d. Blaming the police for being unfair.
In order for people to best protect their personal property from people like Fred, they
would need to improve the effectiveness of crime , which are people who serve as
guardians of property or people who can help control would-be criminals.
a. abolishers
b. blockers
c. discouragers
d. preventers
According to Loeber, which pathway begins with aggression and then leads to
violence?
a. authority conflict
b. covert
c. overt
d. state dependence
John Hagan’s critical feminist model uses gender differences to explain the onset of
criminality. According to
Hagan’s power-control theory, what two factors account for female crime and
delinquency?
a. race/ethnicity and social status
b. class position and economic ability
c. education level and family status
d. class position and family functions
Which factor presented in the scenario would be the best indicator that the boys would
engage in criminal behavior?
a. that their adopted mother is criminal
b. that their biological father is criminal
c. that their biological mother ends up committing crime after the boys are adopted
d. that their adopted parents are over 40 years old
Eliot Spitzer, in this case, would be considered a
a. moral offender only
b. bill
c. john
d. victim
The mid-eighteenth century belief stressing that the relationship between crime and
punishment should be balanced and fair can be traced to Cesare Beccaria.
a. True
b. False
An example of confronting terrorism through law enforcement would be
a. the creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
b. passing the USA Patriot Act
c. revising the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA)
d. the expansion of wiretaps, search warrants, and pen/trap orders
False pretenses or fraud differs from traditional larceny because
a. false pretenses requires a “trespass in the taking.”
b. the offender has lawful possession but not legal ownership of the possessions.
c. the victims willingly give their possessions to the offender.
d. false pretenses requires constructive intent.
On April 20, 2010, an explosion occurred on the DeepwaterHorizonoil rig, killing11
platform workers and injuring
17 others. The rig was built by Hyundai Heavy Industries of Korea, owned by the
Transocean Drilling Corporation, the drilling overseen by Halliburton, and leased by BP
(formerly British Petroleum), in order to drill a deepwater (5,000 feet below the
surface) rig in the Gulf of Mexico. BP, facing billions in civil fines, offered to place $20
billion in an escrow account to cover damages. The leak was finally stopped in August
2010. On June 1, 2010, the Obama administration announced that it had launched a
criminal probe in order to “prosecute to the fullest extent of the law” any persons or
companies that broke the law in the time leading up to the spill.
The type of crime this company perpetrated was a(n)
a. green-collar
b. white-collar
c. blue-collar
d. gold-collar
Criminologists should be ethical in their research because
a. they may face a jail sentence if they are not.
b. they are moral entrepreneurs.
c. the lives of millions of people may be influenced by their research.
d. they are seeking to validate their own theories.
According to Lemert,______involves norm violations or crimes that have little
influence on the actor and,therefore, can be quickly forgotten. a. primary deviance
b. secondary deviance
c. all criminal behavior
d. a moral lapse
Who believes that the law is designed to keep the capitalist system operating in an
efficient manner?
a. instrumental theorist
b. left-realist theorist
c. restorative theorist
d. structural theorist
Robbers generally choose targets close to their homes or in areas to which they
routinely travel.
a. True
b. False