According to the author, the most important wielder of informal social control is
religion.
a. True
b. False
Absent or deviant parents and inconsistent discipline have been linked to persistent
violent offending.
a. True
b. False
The USA Patriot Act was passed to allow law enforcement agencies greater latitude in
fighting terrorism.
a. True
b. False
Andrew, Anthony, Joseph, and Scott have been friends since they were small children.
They were raised in a lower-middle class community. Each of them graduated from
high school. After high school they attempted to keep in contact with each other. After a
few years they were all in different locations and eventually lost contact with one
another.
Anthony went up-state to attend college on a wrestling scholarship. He graduated
college, married his college sweetheart and now is a physical therapist making
approximately $85,000 per year. He has never gotten in trouble with the law and can
provide comfortably for his wife and small child. According to Merton, which social
adaptation describes Anthony?
a. Conformity
b. Innovation
c. Ritualism
d. Rebellion
Social reaction theory suggests that
a. crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken.
b. only males have significant potential to become criminals.
c. crime is a learned behavior
d. people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such.
What is the minimum dollar amount necessary before fraud exists in the crime of tax
evasion?
a. $100
b. $1,000
c. $10,000
d. There is no minimum dollar amount.
What is known about police and certainty of punishment?
a. The manner in which police approach their tasks may have more deterrence power
than simply adding more police.
b. Research indicates that routine patrol may have a significant impact on crime rates.
c. Adding police on the street has no effect on crime rates.
d. Evidence shows that cities with larger police departments do not experience lower
levels of violent crime.
The publication of Taylor, Walton, and Young’s____in 1973 gave a powerful boost to
the conflict view and created a tradition for critical criminologists to question the role
criminology plays in supporting the status quo and aiding the oppression of the poor
and powerless.
a. The New Criminology
b. Left Realism in the Seventies
c. Feminism and the Law
d. The Social Reality of Crime
Relative deprivation is felt most acutely by white youths.
a. True
b. False
Exhibitionism is the deriving of sexual pleasure from rubbing against a non-consenting
person in a crowd, elevator, or other public place.
a. True
b. False
In 2008 a California man named Gladwin Gill was sentenced to a year in prison for
making $66,700 in conduit contributions to presidential candidates, two United States
Senate candidates, and a political committee endorsing a U.S. House of Representatives
candidate.
The penal codes which Gill violated are an example of which method of confronting
political crime?
a. law enforcement
b. law
c. a military solution
d. non-legal means
The police chief recommends to the audience that they should look at other sources to
evaluate statistics on crime. He suggests that the participants review the____which is a
comprehensive, nationwide survey of victimization in the United States conducted
annually by the U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Justice Statistics.
a. MTF
b. NCVS
c. NIBRS
d. UCR
The “It’s not fair” cognitive stage of political criminals is charactered by which of the
following?
a. An unhappy, dissatisfied individual identifies some type of undesirable event or
condition.
b. The undesirable condition is a product of “injustice”
c. Someone or some group must be held accountable for the extremist’s displeasure.
d. Targeted groups are appropriate objects for revenge and/or violence.
According to the routine activities theory, all of the following are considered a capable
guardian EXCEPT:
a. police officers
b. homeowners
c. security systems
d. teenage boys
The concept of general deterrence holds that
a. as people age they commit fewer crimes.
b. if guardians become increasingly motivated, there will be less crime.
c. motivated people will violate the law if left unrestricted.
d. the decision to commit crime can be controlled by the threat of criminal punishment.
According to life course theories, criminal opportunity, effective guardianship, and
apprehension risk are____factors that can explain the onset, continuance, and
desistance from crime.
a. personal
b. social
c. cognitive
d. situational
Women are often victimized by their intimate partners, whether in married or dating
relationships. How many high school girls are estimated to experience sexual or
physical violence from a boyfriend?
a. one in thirty
b. one in twenty
c. one in ten
d. one in five
What biological process accounts for desistance and aging out?
a. the level of hormone activity in the brain
b. the end of growth spurts
c. better diets
d. balding
What is the term used to describe Fred if he were to move to a different community to
commit his burglaries?
a. a lack of suitable targets to burglarize
b. increased police patrols in the neighborhood
c. other burglars moving into the area
d. Fred becoming recognizable in the area
How do life course theorists view criminality?
a. as an inflexible process
b. as a dynamic process
c. as an opportunity-driven process
d. as a static process
Michael is now twenty years old and a court ordered psychologist has diagnosed
Michael with schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia is a type of disorder.
a. depressive
b. personality
c. psychotic
d. mood
The major premise of the evolutionary theory is that:
a. as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of
which make aggressive and predisposed to commit crime.
b. criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of children.
c. criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment.
d. crime is a function of diet and food allergies.
Which empirical evidence supports the general theory of crime?
a. Low self-control is significantly related to antisocial behavior and the association can
be seen regardless of culture or national setting.
b. The general theory of crime is tautological, or involves circular reasoning.
c. Regional and ecological patterns in the crime rate are associated with differential
levels of self-control.
d. High moral standards can inhibit crime even among impulsive individuals.
Susie took a classmate’s toy. When asked about it, Susie replied ‘she had two toys and
wasn”t playing with it.” This explanation is most closely aligned with which
neutralization technique?
a. Denial of responsibility
b. Denial of injury
c. Denial of the victim
d. Condemnation of the condemner
Until about 40 years ago, crime victims were viewed by criminologists as passive
targets who were considered to be
in the “wrong place at the wrong time.”
a. True
b. False
Children who are psychologically, sexually, or physically abused are more likely to
suffer low self-esteem and be more suicidal as adults.
a. True
b. False
Repeat offenders usually begin their career at a very early age.
a. True
b. False
Today, the act of prostitution includes three elements: activity that has sexual
significance for the prostitute, economic indifference, and emotional attachment.
a. True
b. False
____are typically located in rural areas and attack military, police, and government
targets in an effort to unseat or replace the existing government.
a. terrorists
b. revolutionaries
c. insurgents
d. guerillas
Older, married people are more often targets than younger, single people.
a. True
b. False
In 1991, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the validity of shield laws and ruled that
excluding evidence of a prior
sexual relationship between the parties violates a defendant’s right to a fair trial.
a. True
b. False
Differences between female and male include all of the following differences except:
a. Female have lower arrest rates than males
b. Females have lower representation than males do in serious crime categories.
c. Males commit more crime, and females commit less.
d. Males have a higher arrest rate than do females for prostitution.
Frederick Lawrence argues that criminals motivated by bias deserve to be punished
more severely than those who commit identical crimes for other motives. Why is this
so?
a. Because bias crimes are more likely to be violent and result in serious physical injury
to the victim.
b. Because bias crimes harm not only the victim but also the “target community.”
c. Because bias crimes violate the shared value of equality among citizens.
d. Bias crimes should be punished more severely for all these reasons.