Habitual bipedalism is the only form of hominin terrestrial locomotion.
H. erectus was the first species with a cranial capacity approaching H. sapiens.
One interpretation of Oldowan sites is that they served as stockpiles, or caches, for raw
materials such as manuports in anticipation of future use.
The human predisposition to assimilate culture and function within it is profoundly
influenced by biological factors.
Study of the Hox genes indicates that it takes hundreds of mutations to lead to
diversification of the basic vertebrate limb structure.
Cladistic analysis makes no attempt to discern ancestor-descendant relationships.
Bone tools, beads, and decorated ocher fragments were found at Blombos Cave as old
as 73,000 years old.
Homo heidelbergensis refers to finds from China dating to between 850,000 and
200,000 years ago.
There is clear evidence implicating humans in the extinction of many species of New
World animals at the end of the Pleistocene.
Lagar Velho is an important Upper Paleolithic site located in the Near East.
The Olmec culture represents one of the first possible civilizations in the New World.
Much of what we know about the history of life comes from studying fossils.
Molecular anthropologists have used genetic technologies to investigate the
relationships between human populations as well as nonhuman primates.
The Ubaid period represents the initial settlement of the Tigris and Euphrates
floodplain.
Dominance and recessiveness are all-or-nothing situations because the recessive allele
has no phenotypic effects in heterozygotes.
Ian Hodder’s proposition that the origins of European agriculture entailed an emphasis
on the human domination of nature is an environmental theory.
The dental formula for an Old World anthropoid is 2.1.2.3.
Military conflict played little role in the formation of the Mesopotamian cities.
Hominin emergence is characterized by the simultaneous appearance of bipedalism,
toolmaking behavior, and a large brain.
Which of the following types of traits are governed by more than one genetic locus?
a. polygenic
b. dominant
c. Mendelian
d. recessive
e. pleiotropic
The term evolution refers to
a. changes in the genetic make-up of a population from one generation to the next
b. the process of specialization
c. includes genetic changes within populations and but not the appearance of new
species
d. a response of organisms or populations to the environment
e. patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring
Anatomical changes in hominins indicative of habitual bipedal locomotion include
a. feet with opposable big toes for grasping
b. shortening and broadening of the pelvis
a. increased length of arms relative to legs
b. increased length of the spine
c. increased length of pelvis
Which of following protects from ultraviolet radiation?
a. carotene
b. hemoglobin
c. vitamin D
d. melanin
e. melanocytes
Which genus is found in the Fayum and is probably close to the ancestry of both major
groups of living Old World anthropoids?
a. Apidium
b. Sivapithecus
c. Australopithecus
d. Paranthropus
e. Aegyptopithecus
Two people (both heterozygotes) are able to taste a chemical substance called PTC. The
ability to taste PTC is caused by a dominant allele (T). The inability to taste PTC is
caused by a recessive allele (t). What proportion of their children would be expected to
have the ability to taste PTC?
a. 3/4
b. 1/2
c. All
d. 1/4
e. 2/3
Which statement best describes the primary difference in patterns of domestication in
the New and Old Worlds?
a. Plant domestication was relatively unimportant in the New World.
b. Animal domesticates were more numerous in the Old World.
c. Most Old World plant domesticates were more productive.
d. Maize constituted one of the staple crops in the Old World.
e. Animals were not domesticated in the New World.
Archaeologists
a. primarily recover valuable artifacts
b. are not interested in human behavior
c. study earlier human groups using artifacts and structures as their evidence
d. never work with physical anthropology
e. only examine complex civilizations
Sites like Ohalo II demonstrate that some food-collecting communities experienced
economic changes as long ago as the Last Glacial Maximum, which led to
a. The use of a small range of wild plants and no animals as food.
b. The use of a wide range of wild plants and no animals as food.
c. The use of a wide range of wild plants and animals as food.
d. The use of a small range of wild plants and animals as food.
e. The demise of human populations in the regions affected.
The appearance of cities in Mesopotamia has been linked to all of the following factors
except
a. the presence of military conflict
b. economic competition
c. the outgrowth of increased agricultural productivity
d. the building of irrigation systems
e. the decrease in social problems and pollution
The term for a mating system in which males, and some cases females, have several
mating partners is
a. Estrus
b. Sexual selection
c. Polygynous
d. Monogamous
e. R-selected
As a general rule, what do larger animals require?
a. fewer calories per unit of weight than smaller animals
b. more calories per unit weight than smaller animals
c. the same amount of calories per unit weight than smaller animals
d. no calories whatsoever
e. more testosterone
The A. afarensis hand, wrist, and foot bones are indistinguishable from those of modern
humans.
Africa sites evidence premodern H. sapien fossils that range from _________ years
ago.
a. 200,000
b. 400,000
c. 100,000
d. 600,000
e. 35,000
Culture, as defined in Chapter 1
a. is important only as it pertains to modern humans
b. is genetically determined
c. includes only those aspects of human lifestyle that relate to the arts
d. can be defined as the strategy by which humans adapt to the natural environment
e. was not an important factor in human evolution
What is the view that the extinction and the subsequent appearance of more modern
forms could be explained by a series of disasters and creations?
a. natural selection
b. catastrophism
c. use-disuse theory
d. uniformitarianism
e. descent with modification
In Mendel’s experiments, the tall parental (P) plants
a. were homozygous for the allele for tallness
b. were heterozygous at the locus controlling height
c. could NOT be crossed with short plants
d. were homozygous for the allele for shortness
e. were heterozygous for the allele for shortness
The expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples through much of sub-Saharan Africa has
been tied to what process?
a. the introduction of bananas, taro, and Asian yams
b. the development of efficient slash and burn agricultural techniques
c. the introduction of Near Eastern cereal crops
d. the development of pastoralism
e. conquest by militaries
The origins of physical anthropology arose from two areas of interest among 19th
century scientists. What did these areas concern?
a. the origins of modern species and human variation
b. the genetic determinants of behavior and osteology
c. nonhuman primates and origins of modern species
d. human variation and osteology
e. human evolution and nonhuman primates
Protohominis lived approximately
a. 200,000 years ago
b. 1 – 2.5 mya
c. 2.5 – 5 mya
d. 5 ” 7 mya
e. over 10 mya
Which of the following is not a chromometric dating method?
a. C-14
b. K-Ar
c. Fluorine dating
d. Thermoluminescence
e. stratigraphy
What is type AB blood an example of?
a. codominance
b. blending
c. recessiveness
d. dominance
e. polygenic inheritance
All Old World monkeys belong to which family?
a. Ominidae
b. Cercopithecidae
c. Callitrichidae
d. Pongidae
e. Monquidae
Which one of the following is NOT one of the primary goals of archaeology?
a. determine the “when” and “where” of past cultures
b. reconstruct past lifeways
c. explain past cultural events
d. explore cognitive and symbolic dimensions of past humans
e. disregard the oldest evidence of early hominins
Which of the following conclusions have NOT been reached concerning variability in
Native American mtDNA?
a. These populations were derived from a single northeastern Asian population.
b. There were 4-5 founding maternal lineages.
c. The populations were the result of multiple migrations starting 20,000 years ago.
d. The populations were the result of one migration ca. 20,000 years ago.
e. The physical traits shared by modern Native Americans are a produce of founder
effect.
The tool technology of premodern Homo sapiens in the Middle Pleistocene
a. carried over from the Acheulian tools of Homo erectus with little change until near
the end of the period
b. continued to be mainly the Oldowan tradition
c. incorporated the sophisticated use of bone
d. discontinued the use of stone flakes
e. was the Levallois technique in Southwest Asia
Artifacts are typically defined as:
a. any non-portable evidence of human activity
b. any evidence that was made or modified by people in the past
c. any evidence of past environment
d. only stone tools, like arrowheads
e. any place with evidence of human activity
Which theory for the settlement of the New World relies on a passage using canoes,
rafts, or forms of water transport?
a. North Atlantic Ice-Edge Corridor
b. Pacific Coastal Route
c. Bering Land Bridge
d. Australia Connection
e. Asian Land-Sea Bridge
The analysis of the Herto remains indicates they are
a. most similar to Australopithecus
b. indistinguishable from modern Homo sapiens
c. most similar to late Homo erectus from China
d. not specifically similar to modern Homo sapiens
e. none of these
Archaeologists agree that to date, the earliest true city yet discovered is:
a. Jericho
b. Uruk
c. atalhyk
d. Jarmo
e. Mohenjo-Daro
What is the relationship between the adoption of agriculture and climate change in
South America?
a. The presence of serious periodic droughts inhibited the development of agriculture.
b. Periodic droughts led to the production of crops that could be stored for future
shortages.
c. Agriculture was adopted to minimize shortfalls in marine resources due to disruptions
during El Nio years.
d. The relative stability in climate in South America favored the development of
agriculture and domestication.
e. Persistent troughs of atmospheric high pressure caused high rainfall patterns
supporting agriculture.
Fields of inquiry fundamental to studies of adaptation in modern human populations
include
a. Factors that have produced only visible physical differences
b. Factors that have produced only genetic variation
c. Traits that typify certain populations that have not evolved as biological adaptations
d. Traits that typify certain populations that have evolved as biological adaptation to
environment, e.g. sunlight, altitude, or infectious disease
e. Examinations of modern groups but not populations over time
What is a hypothesis?
a. It is a statement that has been proven to be true.
b. It is equivalent to a theory.
c. It is a provisional statement regarding certain scientific facts or observations.
d. It is proof of a theory.
e. It is a fact from which conclusions can be drawn.
According to the complete replacement model, anatomically modern Homo sapiens first
appeared in Africa
a. and dispersed to Europe where they interbred with local premodern H. sapiens
populations
b. and migrated to other areas completely displacing all premodern H. sapiens
populations without interbreeding with them
c. remained there while premodern populations elsewhere evolved more slowly
d. around 500,000 years ago
e. and the local populations would not have evolved totally independently from one
another.
What is the belief that species do not change but are the same as when first created
known as?
a. fixity of species
b. the Great Chain of Being
c. truth
d. uniformitarianism
e. natural selection
Why did cattle herding take priority over farming in much of East Africa?
Answer:Will vary
List two reasons why nonhuman primate studies are important.
Answer:Will vary
Explain Mendel’s principle of segregation.
Answer:Will vary
Some paleoanthropologists classify Neandertals as Homo sapiens neanderthalensis?
Others disagree. What are the biological and phylogenetic arguments?
Answer:Will vary
Discuss the differences between Mendelian and polygenic modes of inheritance.
Provide an example of a Mendelian and a polygenic trait.
Answer:Will vary
What were the environmental and climatic conditions from 40,000 ya to 10,000 ya in
Eurasia? How did these factors influence the technological and cultural innovations of
Upper Paleolithic humans?
Answer:Will vary
Discuss the effects of isolation in infancy and separation from the mother on monkey
behavior.
Answer:Will vary
List five elements related to subsistence strategies of Middle Pleistocene humans.
Answer:Will vary
Define the terms K-selection and r-selection. Are primates K-selected or r-selected?
Answer:Will vary
What is archaeology?
Answer:Will vary
Discuss the physical evidence for the initial occupation of the New World.
Answer:Will vary
What does the discovery of Homo floresiensis tell us about the adaptive potential of
humans?
Answer:Will vary
Why do most biological anthropologists consider it appropriate to discuss cultural
behaviors in nonhuman primates? Discuss a few examples of these behaviors.
Answer:Will vary
Provide an example of a cultural explanation for the emergence of civilizations.
Answer:Will vary
Explain what HIV is and the hypothesis of its origin. Describe why it is seen as the best
example of evolution and adaptation in a pathogen.
Answer:Will vary
What role did the Classic Maya centers fulfill?
Answer:Will vary