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Derived features of Homo heidelbergensis include
a. a larger brain.
b. a prominent occipital bun.
c. a flat back of the skull.
d. a chin.
Molecular genetics
a. links biology to geophysics.
b. has explained the way the solar system works.
c. has demonstrated that humans descended from chimpanzees.
d. provides data for reconstructing the evolutionary history of species.
________ tends to blur the effects of population expansions.
a. Mutation
b. Genetic drift
c. Gene flow
d. Founder effect
Which type of social group has the most sexual dimorphism in canine size?
a. Pair bonded
b. One-male, multifemale
c. Multimale, multifemale
d. One female, multimale
The Kipsigis are
a. polygynous pastoralists who require bridewealth payments upon marriage.
b. polyandrous pastoralists who require groomwealth payments upon marriage.
c. monogamous pastoralists who require both bridewealth and groomwealth payments
upon marriage.
d. monogamous pastoralists who require only a bridewealth payment upon marriage.
Which of the following was likely the first adaptation to occur during the evolution of
the human eye?
a. A protective cover and internal structures
b. A depression where information about light and light movement is collected
c. A simple, light-sensitive photo receptor
d. Neural machinery for image processing
Modern people probably first entered Australia
a. more than 100,000 years ago.
b. 40,000 years ago or a bit earlier.
c. a bit less than 5,000 years ago.
d. 500 years ago.
Secondary compounds are
a. products of complex molecules with health benefits.
b. intermediate between primary and tertiary compounds.
c. protective or defensive toxins found in some plants.
d. chemicals in the digestive tract designed to reduce the effects of plant toxins.
Monkey A lives in a group with full siblings. Monkey B lives in a group with half
siblings. Monkey C lives in a group with cousins. And monkey D lives in a group with
its grandparents. For which monkey in which group is altruistic behavior most likely to
occur?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
Selection is likely to favor fast/short life histories in species
a. that suffer intense predation pressure.
b. that experience a juvenile phase.
c. whose members are able to invest more energy in growth and maintenance.
d. that are subjected to severe competition for nutritional resources needed for
reproduction.
Raymond Dart argued that the Taung child was bipedal because it possessed
a. a femur angled toward the midline of the body.
b. an S-shaped spinal column.
c. footprints at Laetoli.
d. a foramen magnum at the bottom of the cranium.
Which of the following statements is true?
a. Genes are like blueprints that specify phenotypes.
b. The expression of any genotype always depends on the environment.
c. There is a clear distinction between the effects of genes and the effects of the
environment.
d. People vary only because their genes carry different specifications.
Because behavioral strategies are thought to be the product of natural selection, they
should increase
a. reproductive success.
b. the cost-to-benefit ratio.
c. adaptations.
d. trade-offs.
The fact that humans lived in Australia by 40 kya suggests that
a. they were capable of walking very long distances.
b. they migrated there from Europe.
c. glaciers extended into the Southern Hemisphere.
d. they were capable of building boats.
Dominance hierarchies occur among females when
a. females are unrelated.
b. groups are small.
c. food is particularly abundant.
d. food is clumped and defensible.
Natural selection can move a population beyond its initial range of variation because
a. there is hidden variation.
b. alleles for extreme phenotypes are not concentrated in any one individual.
c. there is no hidden variation.
d. both a and b.
The first lower premolar of chimpanzees has ________, the first lower premolar of
humans has ________, and Australopithecus afarensis had ________.
a. two equal cusps; no cusps; a small and a large cusp
b. one cusp; no cusps; two equal cusps
c. one cusp; two cusps; no cusp
d. one cusp; two cusps; a small and a large cusp
Imagine you are a paleoanthropologist. You have found a fossil that dates to 45 kya in
Europe, and it has a cranial capacity of 1,400 cc and a chin and is associated with
Aurignacian tools. How would you classify this specimen?
a. Homo ergaster
b. Homo heidelbergensis
c. Homo sapiens
d. Homo neanderthalensis
Consider a cross between tall and short plants in which all of the offspring are tall. This
suggests that
a. the allele for tall is recessive.
b. the allele for tall is dominant.
c. the alleles for tall and short are codominant.
d. None of the above.
Derived features of Australopithecus afarensis include
a. bipedalism.
b. a large brain.
c. a tail.
d. prognathism.
The coefficient of relatedness (r) between mother and son is
a. 0.25.
b. 0.5.
c. 0.75.
d. 1.00.
A study on capuchins showed that they learn to forage Luhea fruit through
a. observation and trial and error.
b. trial and error.
c. observation alone
d. genetic adaptation
________ provides the first evidence for suspensory locomotion among the fossil
hominoids.
a. Morotopithecus
b. Dryopithecus
c. Chororapithecus
d. Proconsul
Which of the following decreases genetic variation?
a. Mutation
b. Selection
c. Recombination
d. Gene flow
The Herto skulls
a. are intermediate between those of modern humans and African Homo
heidelbergensis.
b. are indistinguishable from skulls of modern Africans.
c. are Neanderthal-like in their characteristics.
d. are so variable that they cannot be compared with other fossils.
A theory of mind includes the ability
a. to form complex social coalitions.
b. to visually distinguish kin from nonkin.
c. to understand the mental states of other individuals.
d. to use tools.
Genetic distance data reveals that ________ are more genetically distant from humans
than any of the other great apes.
a. gorillas
b. orangutans
c. chimpanzees
d. bonobos
Compared with the dentition of chimpanzees, Sahelanthropus tchadensis had
a. larger canines.
b. upper canines that are not sharpened against the lower premolar.
c. thinner enamel.
d. larger incisors.
The rapidly fluctuating climates of the Pleistocene may have caused some populations
of hominins to
a. migrate to Africa.
b. become fully isolated and even more specialized.
c. rely on plant foods more.
d. build permanent shelters.
Modern humans are thought to have migrated beyond Africa and spread throughout the
world about
a. 100 kya.
b. 75 kya.
c. 60 kya.
d. 25 kya.
