“Race as Class,” Herbert J. Gans
Noting that most biologists argue that scientifically there can be no human “races’ and
that sociologists argue that concepts of race are socially constructed, Gans links the
persistent lay definition of “race” to the hierarchy of social class in the U.S. The laity,
he claims, notice variations in select physical characteristics and “see” these variations
as markers of individual races. The lay public then uses their definitions of race to place
individuals in hierarchal categories that correspond to social class locations. Gans
further claims that many immigrant groups were “blanched” or “whitened” in the lay
imagination once those groups experienced upward mobility. This was not the case, he
says for African Americans. While the reasons for this exception are a “mystery” to
Gans, he expects it to persist unless class hierarchies finally disappear “in some utopian
future.”
When descendents of European immigrants began to move up economically and
socially their skin color:
a. darkened
b. lightened
c. appeared lighter to “whites’
d. Was overlooked by “whites’
“The Color of Justice,” Michelle Alexander
Michelle Alexander examines the racial disparities in our criminal justice system,
finding that
“rates and patterns of drug crime do not explain” the fact that “although the majority of
illegal drug users and dealers nationwide are White, three-fourths of all people
imprisoned for drug offenses are Black or Latino.” Alexander identifies two stages in a
structural process that results in the unjust disparities she finds in the system of
“racialized social control” that passes itself off as criminal justice.
The majority of drug users and dealers nationwide are:
a. in prison
b. Black
c. Latino
d. White
“Women’s Rights as Human Rights: Toward a Re-Vision of Human Rights,”
Charlotte Bunch
Charlotte Bunch notes that “no government determines its policies toward other
countries on the basis of their treatment of women.” In addition, she argues, human
rights organizations rarely treat women as a priority. Government and non-government
agencies alike tend to see women’s concerns as trivial, private, or simply outside the
purview of human rights issues. Noting that “sexism kills,” Bunch identifies the many
concerns of women that must be made a priority if human rights are to be obtained.
In Latin America _______________ are the leading cause of death for women.
a. heart attacks
b. addictions
c. violent attacks
d. illegal abortions
“Lifting as We Climb: Women of Color, Wealth, and America’s Future,” Center
for Community Economic Development
This article addresses the significant gap in wealth owned by diverse groups of women
of color compared to men who are their racial counterparts and to white women. Both
structural and cultural factors that contribute to the gap are discussed, along with policy
solutions. Because women of color “are some of the most resilient, resourceful, and
relied-upon people in our society” programs aimed at increasing economic security for
these women are essential to the future economic health of the nation as a whole.
The only source of retirement income for more than 25% of Black women is:
a. Social Security
b. pension
c. personal savings
d. a part-time job
“A Dream Deferred: Undocumented Students at CUNY,” Carolina Bank Munoz
Carolina Bank Munoz argues that contemporary immigration policy ignores structural
conditions that force people to migrate to the United States. These policies, she argues,
seek individual solutions to structural problems, thereby unfairly denying college
education to undocumented students. Many undocumented students came here as
children with parents who obtained visas that eventually expired. Under current policies
it is difficult for these students to obtain documentation. The author advocates for
passage of the Dream Act, which would make it easier for students to obtain
documentation. Documentation would not only increase the life chances of the students,
but would also assure that this country does not lose “a generation of extraordinarily
bright and talented students…”
Why do undocumented high school students often drop out?
a. They see that they have no opportunities for upward mobility.
b. They want to return to their home countries.
c. Their parents want them to earn wages instead of getting an education.
d. They don”t value education as a means to upward mobility.
“Chappals and Gym Shorts: An Indian Muslim Woman in the Land of Oz,”
Almas Sayeed
Almas Sayeed is an Indian Muslim woman attending school in Kansas. A visit from her
father
speaking of marriage appears to be the catalyst that ignites her concerns regarding
certain cultural traditions. Sayeed provides an insightful journey into her family life,
cultural traditions regarding gender roles, submissiveness, marriage and sexuality.
Sayeed’s thoughts and views are strengthened by her introduction to Feminist theory.
Almas Sayeed viewed the arranged marriage plans of her father to marry someone she
had never met as a commitment to:
a. being Indian, being a good Muslim woman, and to her parents.
b. her family’s culture.
c. a secure future and happy life.
d. marrying the most promising husband among interested relatives.
“Seeing in 3D,” Margaret L. Andersen
Margaret L. Andersen argues that the economy is not a neutral force, as it is portrayed
in the media. Economic downturns do not hit all citizens equally. Specific groups
experience economic change in different ways. Asking, “what would we see differently
were we to view the economic recession with women and people of color in mind,”
Andersen demonstrates the varying effects on economic standing influenced by the
intersections of race, class and gender.
There is a general absence of _______________in most of the reports being issued on
the impact of the recent recession.
a. women
b. White men
c. men
d. white collar workers
“White Flight in Networked Publics? How Race and Class Shaped American Teen
Engagement with Myspace and Facebook,” Danah Boyd
Danah Boyd looks at the demographics of MySpace and Facebook and Facebook and
finds that these online communities reflect the same social categories of race and class
found in the larger society. In fact, she traces a movement away from MySpace to
Facebook, and identifies the trend as “White flight” ” a trend that mirrors the movement
of Whites from urban to suburban neighborhoods in the 20th century.
According to Boyd, users who moved from MySpace to Facebook
_______________ MySpace users.
a. befriended
b. demeaned
c. ignored
d. admired
“Sub-Prime as a Black Catastrophe,” Melvin L. Oliver and Thomas M. Shapiro
The catastrophe described by Oliver and Shapiro is rooted in the fact that home equity
is the most important source of wealth for families in the United States. The authors
argue this is particularly so for African American families. It was the targeting of
African American families by sub-prime lenders that robbed so many of this important
and hard-earned source of security.
Due to the very high interest rates charged for these loans, the devastating effects of
these sub-prime loans has not only taken away gains made in the recent past, but will
compromise the ability of African American families into the future, effecting the
ability to open small businesses, pay for college educations, and support retirements.
Predatory loans have left African American communities facing, “the greatest loss of
financial wealth” ever. “Institutional and racialized policy,” they argue, “are trumping
hard-earned educational, job and income advances.”
____________________ is the most important source of wealth for American families.
a. education
b. stock investment
c. monthly income
d. home equity
“Families on Frontier: From Braceros in the Fields to Braceras in the Home,”
Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo
Decades ago the demand for immigrant labor in the western United States was a
demand for male labor. This has changed as a result of transformations in political
economy. Now there is a high demand for female immigrant workers. Mexican and
Central American women immigrants become members of transnational families, as
they leave their children at home and work in the United States in order to support their
families financially. Domestic work in the United States, and in many other countries, is
structured in a way that requires workers to be separated from their families. Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo explores the “broad repercussions for the social relations among
Latina Immigrants and their families” that result from the privatization of social
reproduction.
An estimated _______________ percent of Central American and Mexican women
leave their children in their countries of origin when they migrate to the United States.
a. 10-20
b. 40-50
c. 20-30
d. 75-80
“Health and Wealth: Our Appalling Health Inequality Reflects and Reinforces
Society’s Other Gaps,” Lawrence R. Jacobs and James A. Morone
Jacobs and Morone address the relatively low ranking of the United States relative to
other countries on issues influencing life chances, particularly those relevant to health
and longevity. They note disparities within the United States based on wealth, and
identify three causes of health woes including poverty, inequality, and the organization
of the health care system. They conclude that while other countries have followed
“three paths to good health” the United States has supported public policies that
compromise the health of most of its citizens.
According to Jacobs and Morone, the United States population “suffers more illness and
dies younger” because of which type of public policy:
a. universal health care
b. tax cuts, deregulation and unmediated markets
c. too much government
d. tax hikes that cut into profits leaving corporations unable to provide health insurance
“Whosoever” Is Welcome Here: An Interview with Reverend Edwin C. Sanders
II” Gary David Comstock
Gary David Comstock discusses how an urban-based minister is making a difference in
the lives of lesbian/bisexual/gay/transgendered people by welcoming them to the
church he pastors and encouraging them to participate in the life of the church. As a
result, his efforts have paid off in creating a compassionate and caring community of
worshipers that evolve from diverse cultural, racial and sexual backgrounds. Because of
this approach, the Reverend Edwin C. Sanders II and his congregation are involved in
various community causes such as an HIV/AIDS ministry and a prison ministry that
benefit the membership as well the community.
Gary David Comstock records Reverend Sanders as saying, “the congregation of this
church is a mix of White and Black men and women from different denominational
backgrounds, and that mix turned out to be significant because from the beginning
people identified us as being inclusive across _______________ lines and inclusive and
equal in ______________ terms.”
a. gender/class
b. racial/gender
c. racial/educational
d. educational/gender
“Whosoever” Is Welcome Here: An Interview with Reverend Edwin C. Sanders
II” Gary David Comstock
Gary David Comstock discusses how an urban-based minister is making a difference in
the lives of lesbian/bisexual/gay/transgendered people by welcoming them to the
church he pastors and encouraging them to participate in the life of the church. As a
result, his efforts have paid off in creating a compassionate and caring community of
worshipers that evolve from diverse cultural, racial and sexual backgrounds. Because of
this approach, the Reverend Edwin C. Sanders II and his congregation are involved in
various community causes such as an HIV/AIDS ministry and a prison ministry that
benefit the membership as well the community.
What reason does Reverend Sanders give for African American gay people emphasizing
the
importance of religion in families and communities?
a. African Americans tend to have a stronger belief in God than other groups.
b. The Black church is the only place where African Americans can really escape the
racism
they experience in society.
c. Gay people are more religious than straight people
d. All of these answers are correct
“Sex and Gender Through the Prism of Difference,” Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner
Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner present a new
framework of the study of gender. The “prism of difference” they describe broadens the
traditional view of gender by recognizing the influences of social locations other than
gender, and hierarchical systems other than patriarchy. This new perspective
encompasses the experiences of all women, not just those defined as middle class white
women, new views on men and masculinity, and the consideration of gender within a
global perspective. The authors argue that by looking at gender through a “prism,”
instead of a patchwork of other factors, such as class, race, national identity, age, etc.,
the differences and inequalities recognized among both women and men will serve to
expand our understanding of gender.
According to “Gender Through the Prism of Difference,” the study of men and
masculinity includes:
a. the view of masculinity as a fixed biological essence.
b. the role of sex in defining masculinity.
c. the recognition of more than one “male sex role.”
d. the recognition of how a normal male should act.
“An Intersectional Analysis of “Sixpacks’, “Midriffs’, and “Hot Lesbians’ in
Advertising, Rosalind Gill
Gil uses an intersectional analysis to examine practices of “sexualization” in
advertising. She demonstrates that sexualization is not “a singular unmarked process’.
She finds that “commodified sexiness” in advertising is linked to “the politics of
looking.” She argues that patterns of sexualization vary, having different determinants
and modes of representation, and that they are “read in radically different ways”
depending on the specific intersections of gender, age, class, sexuality and racialization.
Gil finds that one of the most profound shifts in visual culture in the last two decades
has been the increase in representations of:
a. sexualized women.
b. previously underrepresented races.
c. the male body.
d. sexualized food commodities.
“Rethinking Families and Community: The Color, Class, and Centrality of
Extended Kin Ties,” Naomi Gerstel
Naomi Gerstel argues that limiting the definition of “family” to those composed of
husbands and wives or parents and young children misses much of the experience of
families as they actually exist. Calling for recognition of the importance of extended
kin, Gerstel illustrates that the development and maintenance of family support
networks is an important class-based survival strategy. In addition, Gerstel analyzes
how marriage and the nuclear family cut both men and women off from extended and
fictive kin, an idea that challenges much of classical theory on the subject.
Minority individuals, according to Gerstel, rely on _______________ more than do
Whites.
a. welfare
b. extended kin
c. marriage
d. education
“Gladiators, Gazelles, and Groupies: Basketball Love and Loathing” Julianne
Malveaux
Julianne Malveaux explores the topic of basketball within the context of gender and
race. The author speaks of a culture saturated with basketball. It is nearly impossible to
tune out, turn off or ignore. It is a cultural delimiter, a national export, a medium
through which messages about race, gender and power are transmitted not only
nationally but also internationally.
From a gender perspective, Malveaux asks, “What would a woman have to do to
achieve the same _______________ as Michael Jordan?”
a. influence, iconic status, and bankability
b. power, wealth and notoriety
c. attention, interests and bankability
d. control, interests, and earning power
“A Dream Deferred: Undocumented Students at CUNY,” Carolina Bank Munoz
Carolina Bank Munoz argues that contemporary immigration policy ignores structural
conditions that force people to migrate to the United States. These policies, she argues,
seek individual solutions to structural problems, thereby unfairly denying college
education to undocumented students. Many undocumented students came here as
children with parents who obtained visas that eventually expired. Under current policies
it is difficult for these students to obtain documentation. The author advocates for
passage of the Dream Act, which would make it easier for students to obtain
documentation. Documentation would not only increase the life chances of the students,
but would also assure that this country does not lose “a generation of extraordinarily
bright and talented students…”
Immigration policy is flawed because:
a. it fails to keep out undocumented workers
b. it seeks individual solutions to structural problems
c. it seeks structural solutions to individual problems
d. it creates too easy a path to legal citizenship
“The Color of Justice,” Michelle Alexander
Michelle Alexander examines the racial disparities in our criminal justice system,
finding that
“rates and patterns of drug crime do not explain” the fact that “although the majority of
illegal drug users and dealers nationwide are White, three-fourths of all people
imprisoned for drug offenses are Black or Latino.” Alexander identifies two stages in a
structural process that results in the unjust disparities she finds in the system of
“racialized social control” that passes itself off as criminal justice.
Alexander finds that despite the popular belief that _______________ is on the rise, it
is actually at historically low levels and NOT responsible for the “prison boom.”
a. theft
b. violent crime
c. drug use
d. drug conviction
“How the New Working Class Can Transform Urban America” Robin Kelley
Kelley explains how the pervasive imagery that exists about the urban “underclass”
undermines our understanding of a contemporary urban working class. The urban
working class, many of whom are Latino and women, can be found in many different
industries today including hospitals, universities, nursing homes, food services and
retail establishments. He also discusses why organizing the new immigrant labor force
is a challenge for the labor movement. He highlights Justice for Janitors, one of the
most significant labor-based social justice movements, of which Black and Latino
women make up the majority of its membership. He highlights a second broad-based
radical movement ” the Labor/Community Strategy Center based in Los Angeles, CA.
The Center’s most important campaign has been the Bus Riders Union, since public
transportation is one of the few issues that impacts the lives of many urban working
people. This campaign argued that the public transportation system’s policies violate
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Immigrants are _______________ represented in public sector jobs.
a. over
b. less
c. equally
d. adequately
“Sex and Gender Through the Prism of Difference,” Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner
Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner present a new
framework of the study of gender. The “prism of difference” they describe broadens the
traditional view of gender by recognizing the influences of social locations other than
gender, and hierarchical systems other than patriarchy. This new perspective
encompasses the experiences of all women, not just those defined as middle class white
women, new views on men and masculinity, and the consideration of gender within a
global perspective. The authors argue that by looking at gender through a “prism,”
instead of a patchwork of other factors, such as class, race, national identity, age, etc.,
the differences and inequalities recognized among both women and men will serve to
expand our understanding of gender.
According to Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner
in”Gender Through the Prism of Difference,” what factor(s) other than gender affect
women?
a. class
b. race
c. age
d. all of these answers are correct
“An Intersectional Analysis of “Sixpacks’, “Midriffs’, and “Hot Lesbians’ in
Advertising, Rosalind Gill
Gil uses an intersectional analysis to examine practices of “sexualization” in
advertising. She demonstrates that sexualization is not “a singular unmarked process’.
She finds that “commodified sexiness” in advertising is linked to “the politics of
looking.” She argues that patterns of sexualization vary, having different determinants
and modes of representation, and that they are “read in radically different ways”
depending on the specific intersections of gender, age, class, sexuality and racialization.
According to Gil, in advertising the empowerment of women is tied to the possession
of:
a. a slim and alluring young body whose power is to attract male attention.
b. money.
c. a professional career.
d. the commodity being advertised.
“Whosoever” Is Welcome Here: An Interview with Reverend Edwin C. Sanders
II” Gary David Comstock
Gary David Comstock discusses how an urban-based minister is making a difference in
the lives of lesbian/bisexual/gay/transgendered people by welcoming them to the
church he pastors and encouraging them to participate in the life of the church. As a
result, his efforts have paid off in creating a compassionate and caring community of
worshipers that evolve from diverse cultural, racial and sexual backgrounds. Because of
this approach, the Reverend Edwin C. Sanders II and his congregation are involved in
various community causes such as an HIV/AIDS ministry and a prison ministry that
benefit the membership as well the community.
According to Gary David Comstock one of the drawing elements of the Sunday service
at
Metropolitan Interdenominational Church is the _______________of the service.
a. formality
b. reverence
c. informality
d. pleasantness
“Label Us Angry” Jeremiah Torres
Torres is still angry, years after an incident that he describes as “the most painful and
shocking event” of his life. Growing up in Palo Alto California, he and his friend Carlos
had not experienced overt racism until they had a confrontation with a speeding driver
who cut them off as they were leaving their high school parking lot. The events that
followed ” from the meanness of the people in the other car to the reactions of police
officers and the different ways in which the author and his friend handled their anger ”
illustrate some dramatic consequences of racist assumptions and racist labeling.
From the author’s viewpoint, which “assault with intent to hurt” caused the most
lasting damage to its intended victim?
a. the spraying of mace
b. the hurling of the quarter
c. the use of racial labels
d. the court proceedings
“Race, Poverty and Disability: Three Strikes and You”re Out! Or Are You?”
Pamela Black, Fabricio Balcazar and Christopher Keys
Black, Balcazar and Keys chronicle the theoretical development to understanding race,
class and disability. They argue that early conceptualizations present images of race,
class and disability in terms of deficiency and dependence. For example, biological
models represented certain racial and ethnic groups as genetically inferior. The eugenics
movement that started in the early 1900s stemmed from the biological mode was used
to establish race and class distinctions as “natural.” Similarly, cultural models
represented racial and ethnic groups as trapped in a cycle of poverty. This culture of
poverty was reproduced from generation to generation. The authors state that biological
and cultural models to explain race, class and disability do not adequately explain the
differences between disabled and non-disabled, minority and non-minority populations.
The minority group model supplied a contrary position to the biological and cultural
models by suggesting that social problems should be addressed structurally through the
elimination of unequal power relations and re-distribution of wealth and income.
However, identity formation is problematic within the minority group model because its
focus is typically on a single issue, for example, race or gender or sexual orientation.
According to the authors, this single issue strategy excludes those facing multiple
concerns or “triple jeopardy.” The authors advocate for the use of an empowerment
framework so that “individuals from marginalized groups with multiple stigmas may
gain the social, political, and economic support needed to overcome barriers to their full
participation in society.”
In the early 1900s, eugenics:
a. was the primary ideological framework in which policies and practices were
developed to manage marginalized populations and was used to establish race and class
distinctions as “natural.”
b. made this a more democratic nation.
c. addressed social problems structurally by eliminating unequal power relations.
d. prevented the sterilization of people said to be “inferior.”
“How a Scholarship Girl Becomes a Soldier: The Militarization of Latina/o Youth
in Chicago Public Schools,” Gina Perez
Gina Perez explores the complicated relationship between young Latina/o students in
Chicago and the U.S. military. Perez argues that in addition to limited economic
opportunities, gendered understandings of autonomy, family obligations, honor and
respectability influence, how young people respond to the increasingly militarized
educational context.
Chicago public schools lead the nation with more than
_______________students participating in public school military programs.
a. 2,000
b. 200
c. 6,000
d. 10,000
“Racism in Toyland,” Christine Williams
Williams examines the social organization of shopping and uncovers labor, advertising
and other practices that perpetuate racial (as well as gender and class) injustice and
inequality. She identifies problems in retail policies such as selective advertising;
opposition to public bus service to malls; job segregation; and racial profiling by clerks
and security guards. Williams views the raising of awareness as a first step in creating a
better alternative.
Williams argues that racial inequality influences:
a. where we choose to shop, what we buy and how we shop
b. where we choose to shop but not what we buy
c. what we buy but not where she shop
d. who shops but not where we shop or what we buy
“Race, Poverty and Disability: Three Strikes and You”re Out! Or Are You?”
Pamela Black, Fabricio Balcazar and Christopher Keys
Black, Balcazar and Keys chronicle the theoretical development to understanding race,
class and disability. They argue that early conceptualizations present images of race,
class and disability in terms of deficiency and dependence. For example, biological
models represented certain racial and ethnic groups as genetically inferior. The eugenics
movement that started in the early 1900s stemmed from the biological mode was used
to establish race and class distinctions as “natural.” Similarly, cultural models
represented racial and ethnic groups as trapped in a cycle of poverty. This culture of
poverty was reproduced from generation to generation. The authors state that biological
and cultural models to explain race, class and disability do not adequately explain the
differences between disabled and non-disabled, minority and non-minority populations.
The minority group model supplied a contrary position to the biological and cultural
models by suggesting that social problems should be addressed structurally through the
elimination of unequal power relations and re-distribution of wealth and income.
However, identity formation is problematic within the minority group model because its
focus is typically on a single issue, for example, race or gender or sexual orientation.
According to the authors, this single issue strategy excludes those facing multiple
concerns or “triple jeopardy.” The authors advocate for the use of an empowerment
framework so that “individuals from marginalized groups with multiple stigmas may
gain the social, political, and economic support needed to overcome barriers to their full
participation in society.”
According to the authors, a(n) __________________better accounts for systemic
inequalities faced by minorities with disabilities and attempts to overcome these
obstacles.
a. biological framework
b. cultural framework
c. minority group framework
d. empowerment framework
“The Contested Meaning of “Asian American”: Racial Dilemmas in the
Contemporary U.S.,” Nazli Kimbria
Kibria explores the social construction and contested meanings of “Asian American” in
the U.S.
She views the social construction of race as a dynamic process involving the imposition
of categories from without as well as the shaping of meaning within the categorized
group. Kibria discusses the tension between “pan-Asianism” and a multiracial approach.
In the U.S. ______ have exerted control over the production of racial images and
stereotypes:
a. White people
b. people of color
c. racial minorities
d. African Americans
“Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation, and the Need for New Integration
Strategies,” Gary Orfield and Chungmei Lee
Orfield and Lee call for new strategies to integrate schools, because schools are
re-segregating as a result of recent court decisions, creating separate and unequal
educational experiences for Whites and minorities. This is particularly the case for
African Americans and Latinos, who Orfield and Lee describe as “highly likely to be
attending poorly supported “majority-minority” schools. Blacks and Latinos are doubly
segregated: from Whites and from middle-class students; Latinos experience triple
segregation: by class, race and language.
Asian students represent 5 percent of student enrollment and go to schools that average
______________ percent Asian enrollment, making them the ______________
integrated group in today’s schools.
a. 2/most
b. 54/least
c. 24/most
d. 63/most
“Racism in Toyland,” Christine Williams
Williams examines the social organization of shopping and uncovers labor, advertising
and other practices that perpetuate racial (as well as gender and class) injustice and
inequality. She identifies problems in retail policies such as selective advertising;
opposition to public bus service to malls; job segregation; and racial profiling by clerks
and security guards. Williams views the raising of awareness as a first step in creating a
better alternative.
In Austin Texas local malls opposed public bus service on the grounds that:
a. it would create traffic jams
b. it would encourage undesirable (nonwhite) patrons
c. there were no bus stops available
d. it would create overcrowding
“Is This A White Country, or What?” Lillian Rubin
Lillian Rubin demonstrates the links between economic competition, racial prejudice,
and the anti-immigration sentiments expressed by working class whites. Rubin points
out that while there is a long history of racial hostility toward immigrant groups in
America, the limited employment opportunities and the darker skin tones of recent
immigrants have intensified these hostilities. Racism and nativism, according to Rubin,
is apparent in Whites’ views of recent immigrants and people of color. The visibility of
and the demands for recognition expressed by these groups are seen as threats to whites’
economic livelihood and their understanding of America. Rubin’s interviews with
working class Whites illustrate this point, as well as two contradictions evident in
Whites’ attitudes toward immigrants and people of color: Whites resent the unity of
these groups, yet they exclude them from dominant society. Whites criticize members
of these groups for their perceived failures as well as their successes. Rubin asserts that
Whites have begun to reclaim their ethnic heritage as a way to secure what they see as
their hard earned position of privilege in American society.
What reason does Lillian Rubin give for Whites wanting to “reclaim their ethnic roots?”
a. They can recount the struggles that their ancestors went through when arriving in
the United States.
b. They want to learn more about the cultures of their ancestors.
c. They want to be a powerful force against minorities.
d. They want to be able to identify the struggles new immigrants are facing.
“Missing People and Others: Joining Together to Expand,” Arturo Madrid
Arturo Madrid argues that Latinos, as well as other racial and ethnic minorities, are
perceived as “other” because of language, culture, and physical attributes that differ
from those of the dominant group in society. Accordingly, access to social institutions
such as employment, education, and government is limited. Once access is obtained,
particularly in those institutions within which integration is expected, for example,
universities, ethnic and racial minorities are marginalized, denied opportunity and a
political voice. Madrid urges all members of society to unite in struggle against
marginalization, exclusion, and alienation. By ensuring that our institutions more
accurately reflect the diversity of society, we relieve social tensions and prevent the
possible disintegration of the very structures that are intended to offer opportunity.
Which of the following does NOT represent the experience of being the other as
described by Arturo Madrid in “Missing People and Others: Joining Together to
Expand”?
a. being perceived uni-dimensionally
b. feeling different, distinct, or dissimilar
c. sticking out like a sore thumb
d. being connected and included
“Interpreting and Experiencing Anti-Queer Violence: Race, Class and gender
Differences Among LGBT Hate Crime Victims,” Doug Meyer
Doug Meyer uses an intersectional approach and a qualitative methodology to explore
how victims of violence in the LBGT community experience victimization differently
according to race, class gender and sexuality. Meyer finds that multiple intersecting
oppressed statuses make the identification of hate crime more complicated for all but
middle and upper class White gay men. Those statutes may then serve primarily the
interests of those White men, not the interests of lesbian and bisexual women, and
particularly not LGBT people of color.
White gay men almost always determined that interracial violence was based on their:
a. race
b. sexuality
c. gender
d. class