SSCI 63934

subject Type Homework Help
subject Pages 20
subject Words 6403
subject Authors Margaret L. Andersen, Patricia Hill Collins

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"Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," Gregory Mantsios
Gregory Mantsios examines the way media misrepresents social class by creating an
illusion of an egalitarian society and thereby hiding social and economic inequalities.
Mantsios argues that the media creates a false sense of universal membership in the
middle class. He claims that the working and middle classes come to fear and hold the
poor responsible for their hardships while remaining blind to the damage the upper
class inflicts on society.
According to Gregory Mantsios in "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," the poor
are portrayed in the media as:
a. responsible for their economic state.
b. invisible.
c. undeserving of assistance.
d. all of these answers are correct
"Growing Food and Justice: Dismantling Racism through Systainable Food
Systems," Alfonso Morales
Morales' piece centers on a specific program: the Growing Food and Justice for All
Initiative (GFJI), but as a whole addresses the issues of racism and classism as it relates
to food. He traces the pattern that, over the past 50 years, supermarkets have
consolidated from smaller neighborhood markets into larger, massive spaces that tend
to be centered mostly in higher profit, higher socioeconomic status areas. One of these
consequences is that the smaller neighborhood markets that are left in lower income
areas have a more limited supply of healthier, fresh food items, and that they are priced
higher than their suburban counterparts. GFJI is an organization that promotes
sustainable agricultural and community food security organizations to help urban
neighborhoods become more self-sufficient and able to access healthier foods than what
is provided at other supermarkets.
The Growing Food and Injustice for All initiative, discussed by Alfonso Morales, is
headquartered in
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a. Los Angeles
b. New York City
c. Milwaukee
d. Chicago
"Must-See TV: South Asian Characterizations in American Popular Media,"
Bhoomi K. Thakore
Thankore examines the changing role South Asian and Indians have had in American
popular culture, and the rather rapid increase in TV characters of this background. The
surprise popularity of Slumdog Millionaire is cited as a possible reason for this, as well
as the ability for Indian characters to act as a token minority in place of Arab and
Muslim characters in a post-9/11 society. Along with this though has been a
racialization of South Asians and the associated stereotyping in society. Thakore
examines the evolution of Indian characters, from dangerous savages in India to cab
drivers and convenience store owners in urban areas, and increasingly as high achieving
students. The stereotype of the low-earning service employee is one not consistent with
the academic and economic achievements of Indians and South Asians, while the more
modern presence as scientists and doctors is more realistic.
Even though they were most often portrayed as low prestige service industry workers,
about _____ of South Asians who entered the US between 1966 and 1977 had
background in the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields
a. 35%
b. 58%
c. 73%
d. 83%
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"Our Mothers' Grief: Racial-Ethnic Women and the Maintenance of Families,"
Bonnie Thornton Dill
Bonnie Thornton Dill broadens the dominant perspective of American families through
this historical analysis of racial-ethnic women and their families. She demonstrates how
the establishment of the "modern American family" ideal and expectations of racial and
ethnic groups as sources of cheap labor created distinct familial experiences among
women of various racial-ethnic groups in early America
According to Bonnie Thornton Dill, a White woman working outside the home
indicated:
a. high social standing of the family.
b. an egalitarian relationship between husband and wife.
c. insufficient wage earnings of her husband.
d. the birth of feminism.
"Race as Class," Herbert J. Gans
Noting that most biologists argue that scientifically there can be no human "races' and
that sociologists argue that concepts of race are socially constructed, Gans links the
persistent lay definition of "race" to the hierarchy of social class in the U.S. The laity,
he claims, notice variations in select physical characteristics and "see" these variations
as markers of individual races. The lay public then uses their definitions of race to place
individuals in hierarchal categories that correspond to social class locations. Gans
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further claims that many immigrant groups were "blanched" or "whitened" in the lay
imagination once those groups experienced upward mobility. This was not the case, he
says for African Americans. While the reasons for this exception are a "mystery" to
Gans, he expects it to persist unless class hierarchies finally disappear "in some utopian
future."
Sociologists argue that race is:
a. innate
b. biologically determined
c. socially constructed
d. a universal category
"Are Asian Americans Becoming "White"?" Min Zhou
Zhou discusses the way that, officially and unofficially, Asian Americans are more and
more often being combined with Whites as having similar experiences. Unofficially
they are considered the "model minority", with some achieving successes consistent
with the American Dream, and officially the fact that the two groups are combined
when it comes to equal opportunity programs. Zhou first criticizes this for the fact that
Asian American is a designation that includes people from a multitude of different
countries of origin, each having different experiences both in the past and during their
time in the United States. The "model minority" label is seen as being problematic for
reinforcing the stereotype that racism no longer exists: that any other racial or ethnic
group should be able to achieve the same. It also ignores the fact that different Asian
American groups have achieved different levels of assimilation and social class
standing, and are not a heterogeneous group that can be described with a singular label.
Zhou describes that most Asian Americans are not seeing to become "White", but see
that as the standard norm for American society, and their own identity is more
nationalistic (American) than racial. However, the perspective that Asian Americans
would be able to achieve "Whiteness" would also minimize and ignore the impact of
anti-Asian discrimination and racism that is still present in American society.
Which of the following Asian American groups are overrepresented with lower
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education and lower skilled employment?
a. Taiwanese American
b. Filipino American
c. Indian American
d. Laotian American
"What White Supremacists Taught a Jewish Scholar about Identity,"Abby L.
Ferber
Abby L. Ferber examines the interdependence of systems of oppression. Her research
on white supremacy reveals the connection white supremacists groups make between
anti-Semitism and racism in their efforts to maintain the dominant position of Whites in
society. Ferber asserts that the changing racial classification of Jews, as revealed in their
history, demonstrates the social construction of race. Ferber contrasts her own
experience as a Jewish woman, who racially identifies herself as White, with that of her
ancestors who experienced discrimination based on their designation as an inferior,
non-White race. The variability of racial classifications directly challenges the white
supremacists view of innate, and undeniable, White supremacy. Ferber contends that in
order to maintain their position of racial superiority, white supremacists target Jews in
an attempt to deny their evolved racial classification, thereby denying the relativeness
and ambiguity of race.
Ferber reveals white supremacy is not a movement just about hatred, but even more
about fear:
a. of the strength and courage reflected in Black identity.
b. of the vulnerability and instability of white identity and privilege.
c. of the deceptiveness of white identity and privilege.
d. of newcomers.
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"The Construction of Black Masculinity: White Supremacy Now and Then," Abby
L. Ferber
Ferber examines the problematic perception of Black males in a White supremacist
system. She argues that perceptions today as athletic figures are informed by past
slave-associated stereotypes as being physically adept but unintelligent, and having an
animalistic, hypersexual nature. Previous justification of these statements was based
upon incorrect biological assumptions, but is now attributed to Black culture. Ferber
presents these modern stereotypes being heavily rooted in professional athletics, with
their presentation as strong "bad boys", but largely under the control of White
quarterbacks in football, or White coaches in other sports. These issues are also seen as
a way for White populations to justify their power and control, by blaming
shortcomings not as a product of institutionalized racism, but as the fault of Black
culture.
Historically, White society has reduced Black men to their muscles and
a. fear
b. intellect
c. genitals
d. height
"Sustainable Food and Privilege: Why is Green Always White (and Male and
Upper Class)" Janani Balasubramanian
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Food justice, Janani Balasubramanian argues, is fundamentally a race and class issue,
and food activists are not speaking about it as such. The emphasis on local food
economy fails to recognize the importance of United States support of agriculture in
other parts of the world. Activists of color who do admirable work in their communities
are often ignored by White activist writers and film makers. Thus we do not hear the
"variety of voices' that needs to be heard if universal food reform is to be achieved.
The face of farming is changing and _______________ will continue to grow in
number as stewards of sustainable agriculture.
a. White male small-scale farmers
b. Latinos
c. agribusinesses
d. women and people of color
"Selling Sex for Visas: Sex Tourism as a Stepping-stone to International
Migration,"Denise Brennan
Addressing the myth that sex workers around the globe are simply victims of
exploitation and domination, Denise Brennan considers the case of women sex workers
in Sosua, Dominican Republic. These women - predominantly poor, single mothers
with limited educations - see sex work not as a survival strategy, but as an advancement
strategy. They have meager job opportunities and can make more money more quickly
selling sex than in any other job available to them. Ultimately many hope to obtain
marriage proposals from wealthy sex tourists, and with them visas to places with
greater economic opportunities. Brennan sites these strategies as examples of the
"savviness and resourcefulness of the so-called powerless."
According to Brennan, the attempts by Dominican sex workers to take advantage of
clients in order to get visas is evidence of their:
a. resourcefulness
b. greed
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c. oppression
d. victimization by savvy foreign clients
"Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?" Mary C. Waters
Mary Waters explores the difference in ethnic identities experienced by White and
non-White ethnic and racial groups. Waters asserts that White ethnics are able to decide
if, and what part of, their ethnic ancestry they want to claim. For White ethnics, theirs is
a symbolic ethnicity, one which is individually designed and only serves to benefit
White ethnics. Non-White groups do not have the same choice regarding their ethnic
identities because the physical distinctions of these groups denies the choice. As a
result, Waters argues, non-White ethnic group members are unable to avoid the negative
experiences associated with being a member of an ethnic/racial minority group.
Because White ethnics view their own ethnicities as voluntarily acquired and since
those aspects of their ethnicity which are not beneficial to them are ignored, White
ethnics do not recognize the involuntary nature of non-White ethnicities, nor do they
identify with the racial oppression experienced by these groups. Waters points out that
this understanding results in problematic race relations which can be seen on college
campuses around the country. Waters argues that a cultural pluralistic society can only
be achieved once the dynamics and consequences of ethnic identity are recognized by
individuals and within social institutions.
As noted in "Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?" White Americans have
options regarding their ethnic identities, including:
a. the choice of which of their European ancestries to claim and whether to claim any
specific ancestry.
b. what holidays they will observe.
c. what religion they will practice.
d. genetic testing.
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"What White Supremacists Taught a Jewish Scholar about Identity,"Abby L.
Ferber
Abby L. Ferber examines the interdependence of systems of oppression. Her research
on white supremacy reveals the connection white supremacists groups make between
anti-Semitism and racism in their efforts to maintain the dominant position of Whites in
society. Ferber asserts that the changing racial classification of Jews, as revealed in their
history, demonstrates the social construction of race. Ferber contrasts her own
experience as a Jewish woman, who racially identifies herself as White, with that of her
ancestors who experienced discrimination based on their designation as an inferior,
non-White race. The variability of racial classifications directly challenges the white
supremacists view of innate, and undeniable, White supremacy. Ferber contends that in
order to maintain their position of racial superiority, white supremacists target Jews in
an attempt to deny their evolved racial classification, thereby denying the relativeness
and ambiguity of race.
According to "What White Supremacists Taught a Jewish Scholar about Identity" by
Abby L.
Ferber, the history of the Jewish experience:
a. has followed a consistent path.
b. demonstrates the social construction of race.
c. represents the value of white supremacy.
d. is the history of freedom from racism.
"A Different Mirror," Ronald T. Takaki
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Through personal reflection and historical summaries, Ronald T. Takaki explores
multicultural America. As a Japanese American, Takaki argues that the historical and
cultural influence of the Japanese, as well as other racial and ethnic groups, on
American culture is largely unrecognized. The contributions of racial and ethnic groups
must be acknowledged to fully appreciate the true essence of American identity.
Takaki illustrates how despite historical similarities, racial and ethnic groups have been
pitted against one another, and their historical presence denied. Yet, he points out, their
influences and contributions to society are evident everywhere. He argues that
recognizing the value of their experiences allows for an enlightened understanding of
our common history and the tensions and struggles evident among racial and ethnic
groups today.
According to Takaki, the cab driver he spoke with expressed a widely shared sense of
history that views American as:
a. European in its ancestry.
b. inclusive of all racial and ethnic groups.
c. all United States citizens.
d. a mixture of people who immigrated from all over the world
"A Different Mirror," Ronald T. Takaki
Through personal reflection and historical summaries, Ronald T. Takaki explores
multicultural America. As a Japanese American, Takaki argues that the historical and
cultural influence of the Japanese, as well as other racial and ethnic groups, on
American culture is largely unrecognized. The contributions of racial and ethnic groups
must be acknowledged to fully appreciate the true essence of American identity.
Takaki illustrates how despite historical similarities, racial and ethnic groups have been
pitted against one another, and their historical presence denied. Yet, he points out, their
influences and contributions to society are evident everywhere. He argues that
recognizing the value of their experiences allows for an enlightened understanding of
our common history and the tensions and struggles evident among racial and ethnic
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groups today.
According to Takaki, the immigration experience of the Chinese:
a. set a precedent for the restriction of European immigrant groups.
b. reflects the openness of America's doors to immigrant groups.
c. differed from the immigrant experience among European immigrants.
d. was an isolated example of exclusion.
"Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal?" Marianne
Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan
Recognizing that all measures of economic success show racial inequalities in the
United States labor market, these authors designed and conducted a study to determine
whether perceptions of race connected with an applicant's name might influence
whether the applicant got called for an interview. They created fictitious job applicants
and assigned names suggestive of different races to identical resumes. This article
reports their findings.
Bertrand and Mullainathan experimentally manipulated the perception of race by the
_______________ of the applicant.
a. resume quality
b. name
c. education
d. occupation
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"Seeing in 3D," Margaret L. Andersen
Margaret L. Andersen argues that the economy is not a neutral force, as it is portrayed
in the media. Economic downturns do not hit all citizens equally. Specific groups
experience economic change in different ways. Asking, "what would we see differently
were we to view the economic recession with women and people of color in mind,"
Andersen demonstrates the varying effects on economic standing influenced by the
intersections of race, class and gender.
Black women earning double an area's median income were nearly five times more
likely to receive subprime mortgages than were _______________with similar
earnings.
a. White women
b. White men
c. Black men
d. Asian men
"What White Supremacists Taught a Jewish Scholar about Identity,"Abby L.
Ferber
Abby L. Ferber examines the interdependence of systems of oppression. Her research
on white supremacy reveals the connection white supremacists groups make between
anti-Semitism and racism in their efforts to maintain the dominant position of Whites in
society. Ferber asserts that the changing racial classification of Jews, as revealed in their
history, demonstrates the social construction of race. Ferber contrasts her own
experience as a Jewish woman, who racially identifies herself as White, with that of her
ancestors who experienced discrimination based on their designation as an inferior,
page-pfd
non-White race. The variability of racial classifications directly challenges the white
supremacists view of innate, and undeniable, White supremacy. Ferber contends that in
order to maintain their position of racial superiority, white supremacists target Jews in
an attempt to deny their evolved racial classification, thereby denying the relativeness
and ambiguity of race.
Social construction of race refers to:
a. the undeniable hierarchy of racial superiority.
b. the changing classification of race within society.
c. the justification behind anti-Semitism.
d. the biological foundations of racial identity.
The Gendered Rice Bowl: The Sexual Politics of Service Work in Urban China",
Amy Hanser.
Hanser examines the shifts in perception of femininity that have occurred in China
during the country's transition from socialism to its current, more capitalistic stage. At
first she discusses the ways in which young women were portrayed as strong
(physically and mentally) and part of the agricultural labor force that would drive
socialism, and the associated egalitarianism. Now, however, the ideal of femininity is
that of the fashion model, with middle-aged women seen as a symbol of a distant and
dated past. The sexualization of women was seen via two participant observation
experiences, one at a state-owned clothing store and the other a more upscale, privately
owned business. The former had a more middle aged staff, with proficiency and
experience being the benchmarks of success. The latter, however, emphasized a
sexualized presentation from youthful sales clerks. These women, however, were seen
by the older employees as being of lower social class and having less ability as workers.
The overall conclusion was centered on how inequality was perpetrated and enforced
by these differing approaches.
According to Hanser, a woman who is admired for her work is most likely to be a(n)
Agricultural worker
page-pfe
a. Lawyer
b. Mother
c. Fashion model
d. Agricultural worker
"Sex and Gender Through the Prism of Difference," Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner
Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner present a new
framework of the study of gender. The "prism of difference" they describe broadens the
traditional view of gender by recognizing the influences of social locations other than
gender, and hierarchical systems other than patriarchy. This new perspective
encompasses the experiences of all women, not just those defined as middle class white
women, new views on men and masculinity, and the consideration of gender within a
global perspective. The authors argue that by looking at gender through a "prism,"
instead of a patchwork of other factors, such as class, race, national identity, age, etc.,
the differences and inequalities recognized among both women and men will serve to
expand our understanding of gender.
According to "Gender Through the Prism of Difference," the study of men and
masculinity includes:
a. the view of masculinity as a fixed biological essence.
b. the role of sex in defining masculinity.
c. the recognition of more than one "male sex role."
d. the recognition of how a normal male should act.
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"Racism in Toyland," Christine Williams
Williams examines the social organization of shopping and uncovers labor, advertising
and other practices that perpetuate racial (as well as gender and class) injustice and
inequality. She identifies problems in retail policies such as selective advertising;
opposition to public bus service to malls; job segregation; and racial profiling by clerks
and security guards. Williams views the raising of awareness as a first step in creating a
better alternative.
In Austin Texas local malls opposed public bus service on the grounds that:
a. it would create traffic jams
b. it would encourage undesirable (nonwhite) patrons
c. there were no bus stops available
d. it would create overcrowding
"From the Achievement Gap to the Education Debt: Understanding Achievement
in U.S. Schools," Gloria Ladson-Billings
Ladson-Billings addresses the "achievement gap", a catchphrase to describe the
difference in academic performance between White, minority, and lower
socio-economic status students. This gap has been found to be most significantly
affected by race and ethnicity, with a brief review of some of the potential causes.
Ladson-Billings suggests avoiding too much focus on the gap, because most of the
solutions are short-term in nature, and instead to look at the longer standing
"educational debt" akin to the financial national debt. This debt is seen as the
underlying cause of much of our national problems with regard to achievement, and
that addressing it is necessary to truly have desegregated schools, as well as to come
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closer to fully realizing equality in the United States.
In research by Ladson-Billings, the point differential measuring the Achievement Gap
between Black/Latino/Latina and White students in Fourth Grade math scores was
a. 15 points
b. 17 points
c. 20 points
d. 26 points
"Must-See TV: South Asian Characterizations in American Popular Media,"
Bhoomi K. Thakore
Thankore examines the changing role South Asian and Indians have had in American
popular culture, and the rather rapid increase in TV characters of this background. The
surprise popularity of Slumdog Millionaire is cited as a possible reason for this, as well
as the ability for Indian characters to act as a token minority in place of Arab and
Muslim characters in a post-9/11 society. Along with this though has been a
racialization of South Asians and the associated stereotyping in society. Thakore
examines the evolution of Indian characters, from dangerous savages in India to cab
drivers and convenience store owners in urban areas, and increasingly as high achieving
students. The stereotype of the low-earning service employee is one not consistent with
the academic and economic achievements of Indians and South Asians, while the more
modern presence as scientists and doctors is more realistic.
______________ tend to be portrayed in American media as being from either highly
educated backgrounds or low skilled employment, with little in-between
a. East Asians
b. South Asians
c. North Africans
d. Middle Easterners
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"Seeing Privilege Where It Isn"t: Marginalized Masculinities and the
Intersectionality of Privilege", Bethany M. Coston and Michael Kimmel
Coston and Kimmel take a different approach to studying intersectionality and
privilege, in this case the way in which a class with privilege (males) intersects with
one without (disabled, gay, and working class). They theorize that the reason for this
intersectional marginalization is that all three classes remove some element of
masculinity: physical prowess for the disabled, the dominant role in sexuality for gay
men, and expendability in the case of working class men. The primary focus becomes
that privilege too is not a dichotomous, black and white issue, but also one subject to
intersectionality.
According to Coston and Kimmel, men are often preoccupied with ________ gender
to others
a. displaying
b. performing
c. proving
d. doing
"Selling Sex for Visas: Sex Tourism as a Stepping-stone to International
Migration,"Denise Brennan
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Addressing the myth that sex workers around the globe are simply victims of
exploitation and domination, Denise Brennan considers the case of women sex workers
in Sosua, Dominican Republic. These women - predominantly poor, single mothers
with limited educations - see sex work not as a survival strategy, but as an advancement
strategy. They have meager job opportunities and can make more money more quickly
selling sex than in any other job available to them. Ultimately many hope to obtain
marriage proposals from wealthy sex tourists, and with them visas to places with
greater economic opportunities. Brennan sites these strategies as examples of the
"savviness and resourcefulness of the so-called powerless."
Marginalized women in marginalized economies:
a. are unable to protect themselves in any way from being passive victims.
b. come up with creative strategies to control their economic lives.
c. are clueless about how to survive, much less advance.
d. usually become very wealthy once they enter the sex trade as long as they are pretty
and
compliant.
"Selling Sex for Visas: Sex Tourism as a Stepping-stone to International
Migration," Denise Brennan
Addressing the myth that sex workers around the globe are simply victims of
exploitation and domination, Denise Brennan considers the case of women sex workers
in Sosua, Dominican Republic. These women - predominantly poor, single mothers
with limited educations - see sex work not as a survival strategy, but as an advancement
strategy. They have meager job opportunities and can make more money more quickly
selling sex than in any other job available to them. Ultimately many hope to obtain
marriage proposals from wealthy sex tourists, and with them visas to places with
greater economic opportunities. Brennan sites these strategies as examples of the
"savviness and resourcefulness of the so-called powerless."
The most decisive factor pushing women into the sex trade in Sosua is:
page-pf13
a. single motherhood
b. their abusive families
c. sex slave traders
d. drugs
"Rethinking Cyberfeminism(s): Race, Gender, and Embodiment," Jessie Daniels
Jessie Daniels outlines the concept of cyberfeminism, a multifaceted interaction
between technology and gender. Two major areas are discussed, the first being the
globalization of feminism that the Internet allows, and the second is the ability to
engage in "identity tourism" in an online capacity. For the first, access to the Internet
may be heavily affected by the ability to access technology based upon socioeconomic
status, but beyond that it is able to cross racial and ethnic lines. It also allows for a safe
space for women who may be experiencing a multitude of oppression based on their
gender, and the ability to interact with others they would never be able to meet
otherwise. Identity tourism, on the other hand, is the ability for people on the Internet to
adopt a different gender or identity overall. Research shows, however, that people are
less likely to adopt a different identity when online, but instead use the resources and
interactions as a way to affirm and strengthen their own "real world" identity.
In the United States, the most significant contribution to the "digital divide" has been
a. gender
b. race
c. age
d. socioeconomic status
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"A Dream Deferred: Undocumented Students at CUNY," Carolina Bank Munoz
Carolina Bank Munoz argues that contemporary immigration policy ignores structural
conditions that force people to migrate to the United States. These policies, she argues,
seek individual solutions to structural problems, thereby unfairly denying college
education to undocumented students. Many undocumented students came here as
children with parents who obtained visas that eventually expired. Under current policies
it is difficult for these students to obtain documentation. The author advocates for
passage of the Dream Act, which would make it easier for students to obtain
documentation. Documentation would not only increase the life chances of the students,
but would also assure that this country does not lose "a generation of extraordinarily
bright and talented students..."
Immigration policy is flawed because:
a. it fails to keep out undocumented workers
b. it seeks individual solutions to structural problems
c. it seeks structural solutions to individual problems
d. it creates too easy a path to legal citizenship
"The Invention of Heterosexuality," Jonathan Ned Katz
The author documents the history and invention of the term heterosexuality as a means
of categorizing sexual relationships. The author emphasizes how sexuality has been
closely linked to structural power and the means of production within a society
throughout history. He argues that an ahistorical approach to studying sexuality
continues to privilege "normal" and "natural" sexual expression.
page-pf15
According to Katz, the idea of heterosexuality is a modern invention, dating to the
______
century.
a. early 16th
b. late 17th
c. early 18th
d. late 19th
"Living "Illegal": The Human Face of Unauthorized Immigration", Marie
Friedmann Marquardt, Timothy J. Steigenga, Philip J. Williams, and Manuel A.
Vsquez
Marquardt, Steigenga, Williams and Vsquez focus on the way "illegal aliens" were
portrayed during the 2010 midterm elections. The focus on perceived dangerousness
and claims of social security benefits and economic perks that these groups receive was
used to build public opinion against them. Four broad claims are outlined that are made
regarding unauthorized immigration: they flood across the U.S./Mexico border to take
advantage of public benefits, they are a burden on the economy, they are closely
connected with crime and drugs, and they cannot be integrated into our society. The
concern of local law enforcement often being at the front lines of enforcing immigration
policy is also discussed, focusing how this is a problem in an increasingly privately run
penal system.
The use of terms such as _________ allows politicians to objectify and dehumanize
populations in an attempt to persuade voters.
a. "illegals"
b. "undocumented"
c. "unauthorized"
d. "immigrants"
page-pf16
"Closing the Wealth Gap: A Review of Racial and Ethnic Inequalities in
Homeownership," Meghan Kuebler
The American Dream of wealth has been historically closely linked to the ability to own
a home. Kuebler discusses how owning a home (and yard or associated property) has
long been the symbol of achieving the American Dream in society and as a symbol of
success. The benefits, including investment in tangible wealth, text breaks, and a chance
for assimilation for minorities have been touted for a number of years. The reality is,
however, that minorities have had fewer opportunities to become homeowners. The
effect of "White flight" on what property is owned by Blacks has a detrimental effect on
homeownership, receiving less of the benefits that Whites receive. Hispanic
homeownership differs from group to group, but is still subject to discrimination as far
as ability to receive mortgages, and thus their level of home ownership is low. Asian
Americans have higher rates of homeownership than other ethnic and racial groups
(though still less than Whites), but up to 20 percent of them reported suffering from
discrimination when attempting to purchase a home.
Asians have been found to experience discrimination approximately how often when
purchasing homes?
a. 10%
b. 15%
c. 20%
d. 25%
page-pf17
"The First Americans: Americans Indians," Matthew Snipp
Matthew Snipp presents a historical summary of the United States' treatment of
American Indians: removal, assimilation, the Indian New Deal, termination and
relocation, and self determination. In the early 1800s removal of American Indians was
the goal of the United States. Increased population and newly acquired land encouraged
the push of American Indians westward, first through negotiated treaties and ultimately
through forced removal. These actions resulted in severe hardship for American Indians
physically and culturally. At the end of the 1800s the government policy regarding
American Indians shifted to assimilation, or rather "humane extinction." The goal of the
government, Snipp points out was to "civilize" American Indians through religion,
education, ownership of property, and agricultural careers. The effect of assimilation on
American Indians was the loss and disorganization of land, the impact of which is still
being felt today.
In the early 1930s the government encompassed American Indians in the New Deal
programs. This shift in treatment demonstrated a new respect for American Indian
culture and land. Economic and infrastructure support was granted to American Indian
reservations, and tribal governance was allowed. American Indian policy took a
different shift after WWII with the goals of termination and relocation. The United
States government sought to terminate their dealing with American Indians and relocate
American Indians to urban areas. In the era of the Civil Rights movement, yet another
shift in United States and American Indian relations occurred. "Self-determination," the
goal of American Indian autonomy, became the focus resulting in greater control of
tribal governments and the end to termination policies. Snipp concludes with a
discussion of the current status of American Indians. Population growth among
American Indians has increased on reservations and in Urban areas. Snipp points out
that both of these segments of the American Indian population face economic hardship.
Urban American Indians also face the struggle of maintaining their culture away from
reservations. Pan-Indianism has served to unite American Indian tribes in their fight for
survival.
As explained in "The First Americans: Americans Indians," the Roosevelt
administration issued the Indian New Deal, which:
a. removed John Collier as the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
b. developed a new respect for American Indian tribal culture.
c. eliminated projects to control soil erosion.
d. weakened the infrastructure on reservations.
page-pf18
"Racism in Toyland," Christine Williams
Williams examines the social organization of shopping and uncovers labor, advertising
and other practices that perpetuate racial (as well as gender and class) injustice and
inequality. She identifies problems in retail policies such as selective advertising;
opposition to public bus service to malls; job segregation; and racial profiling by clerks
and security guards. Williams views the raising of awareness as a first step in creating a
better alternative.
The racism of shopping is reflected in:
a. labor practices
b. guidelines for relationships between clerks and customers
c. store organization
d. all of these answers are correct
"The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria," Judith Ortiz
Cofer
In her essay,Judith Ortiz Cofer offers her experience as a Puerto Rican woman. She
discusses how cultural differences have singled her out as a target of stereotypes,
disapproval, and inappropriate treatment by members of mainstream society. Cofer
recognizes the voice her education has given her, and she uses it to open others up to
her culture and experiences.
In "The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria," Judith Ortiz
Cofer makes reference to "The Island." This refers to:
a. her trip back to her homeland.
b. an Island vacation.
page-pf19
c. her ethnicity.
d. names she has been called.
"Gender Matters. So Do Race And Class: Experiences of Gendered Racism on the
Wal-Mart Shop Floor," Sandra E. Weissinger
Sandra Weissinger examined complaints made in the Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc.
class action lawsuit to understand the specific ways that individuals who are targeted
for mistreatment experience mistreatment in raced, classed and gendered ways. She
documents the unequal treatment that women receive in comparison to men, but shows
that some women hold contradictory positions. A given woman who is targeted for her
gender may be given some privilege linked to her race, thus yielding different outcomes
for different women. She argues that discrimination based on sex alone does not explain
the variation in women's experiences.
She concludes that discriminatory work atmospheres are maintained in multiple and
complex ways, contributing to the persistence of "a web of intersecting and relational
inequalities."
White women can be marginalized due to their _______________ but experience
certain benefits because of their _______________.
a. appearance/gender
b. gender and class/race
c. race/gender
d. class and race/gender
page-pf1a
"Selling Sex for Visas: Sex Tourism as a Stepping-stone to International
Migration," Denise Brennan
Addressing the myth that sex workers around the globe are simply victims of
exploitation and domination, Denise Brennan considers the case of women sex workers
in Sosua, Dominican Republic. These women - predominantly poor, single mothers
with limited educations - see sex work not as a survival strategy, but as an advancement
strategy. They have meager job opportunities and can make more money more quickly
selling sex than in any other job available to them. Ultimately many hope to obtain
marriage proposals from wealthy sex tourists, and with them visas to places with
greater economic opportunities. Brennan sites these strategies as examples of the
"savviness and resourcefulness of the so-called powerless."
Dominican sex workers make a distinction between marriage for love and marriage for:
a. obtaining fathers for their children
b. romance
c. making a family
d. visas

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