Multiple hypotheses seek to explain how New World monkeys arrived in South
America. According to the chapter, what are some of these hypotheses?
Which of the following best describes a particular primate mating system and
reproductive behavior?
a. In baboons females compete with other females for mating opportunities with prime
males, whereas males rarely compete with each other.
b. Male preference can influence female reproductive success in groups where there are
multiple males.
c. In most pair-bonded species, both males and females care for offspring.
d. In polyandrous species, both males and females have equal opportunities to mate.
Homo ergaster used
a. Oldowan and Acheulean tools.
b. bone and wood tools but not stone tools.
c. Mousterian tools.
d. the earliest metal tools.
Primitive characteristics that distinguish Australopithecus anamensis from later
australopithecines include
a. large canines.
b. a parabolic dental arcade.
c. the shape of the tibia.
d. a sagittal crest.
Modern ________ populations are genetically more variable than other populations.
a. American
b. Asian
c. African
d. European
The low levels of genetic variation in contemporary human populations are likely due
to the fact that contemporary humans
a. all come from a single female ancestor, the mitochondrial Eve.
b. all come from a single male ancestor, Adam.
c. arose from a very small population.
d. arose from a very large population.
Paranthropus robustus had skull structures specialized for
a. cannibalism.
b. heavy chewing.
c. carnivory.
d. speech.
Cladistic systematics uses
a. only morphological similarity to classify organisms.
b. only descent to classify organisms.
c. both similarity and descent to classify organisms.
d. neither similarity nor descent to classify organisms.
Large-scale cooperation can be maintained through
a. punishment of free-riders.
b. prosocial sentiments.
c. enforcement of moral normal by third parties.
d. All of the above.
The recent discovery of ________ in 2008 sparked controversy regarding its finders’
claims that it is the most likely candidate of the ancestors of genus Homo.
a. Australopithecus africanus
b. Australopithecus afarensis
c. Australopithecus sediba
d. Australopithecus ramidus
Genetic results for “black” and “white” Brazilians reveals
a. that racial categories are consistent with genetic data.
b. little correlation between phenotype and ancestry.
c. that, although Brazilians can be categorized into race based on phenotype, they
cannot be categorized genetically.
d. that folk classifications are genetically meaningful.
Features of Australopithecus afarensis that are intermediate between those of apes and
humans include
a. the shape of the skull.
b. the size of the canines.
c. the size of the brain.
d. both a and b.
Explain the relationship between body, canine, and testis size and the following forms
of social organization: (a) pair-bonded groups; (b) one-male, multifemale groups; and
(c) multimale, multifemale groups.
Imagine you are a male macaque. Another individual is threatening you. Which monkey
do you try to enlist for support?
a. A female relative.
b. A subordinate male.
c. A dominant male.
d. None; you are on your own.
Bipedalism may have evolved because it allowed hominins to
a. keep warm.
b. sit upright.
c. harvest food from small trees.
d. run.
Effective deception requires
a. ecological knowledge.
b. a theory of mind.
c. associative learning.
d. a large neocortex.
Phenotypic matching
a. is context dependent.
b. is common among apes but not monkeys.
c. is the ability to recognize kin by a feature such as their smell.
d. favors maternal kin over paternal kin.
Large brains may have initially evolved in monkeys and apes because they
a. are more folivorous than their ancestors.
b. have greater dexterity in their hands than their ancestors.
c. are more likely to live in variable environments than their ancestors.
d. have larger social groups than their ancestors.
Using the rate of change that the Grants observed in the medium ground finch, and
assuming a selection event only occurs once every century, how rapidly would you
predict that a species of finch like the large ground finch could evolve?
a. It would take millions of years for only beak size to evolve.
b. The medium ground finch could evolve into the large ground finch in 20 years.
c. Natural selection could produce a new species of ground finch in a few thousand
years.
d. Because selection generally pushes constantly in one direction, a new species of
ground finch could evolve in a single century.
How do complex adaptations usually evolve?
a. By a single large step due to a highly adaptive mutation
b. By many small steps, but only when each is an improvement over the last step
c. By many small steps, but only when each has a minimal effect on fitness
d. By single large steps, but only when natural selection is strong
Group selection
a. is likely to occur in primates because they live in well-established social groups.
b. is likely to occur in primates because certain behaviors benefit the whole group.
c. is unlikely to occur in primates because certain behaviors may benefit the group to
the detriment of the actor.
d. is unlikely to occur in primates because it is a theoretically unsound principle.
Animals with long life histories, like primates, grow for a long time at the expense of
their
a. later fertility.
b. early fertility.
c. later growth.
d. early growth.
Modern primates are found in the tropical and temperate zones of
a. Madagascar, Africa, and Australia.
b. Africa, Asia, Europe, and Antarctica.
c. Africa, Asia, and the New World.
d. China, Japan, and Australia.
How fast does evolution by natural selection take place?
a. It is such a slow process that a single adaptation requires millions of years.
b. It is so slow that it cannot be seen in the fossil record.
c. It is fast enough that several new species can evolve from other forms in a few
million years.
d. It is so rapid that new species often evolve in a matter of decades.
What are the allelic frequencies of the following population: 0 AA, 100 Aa, and 100 aa
individuals?
a. 50% A and 50% a
b. 0% A and 100% a
c. 25% A and 75% a
d. 33% A and 67% a
Meat is worth carrying around because
a. it tastes good.
b. it provides large amounts of nutrients in a small package, compared with vegetables.
c. it causes a sexual division of labor.
d. it attracts predators.
Imagine a population where 20 individuals are aa, 40 are Aa, and 40 are AA. What are
the allelic frequencies?
a. a = .2 and A = .8
b. a = .4 and A = .6
c. a = .5 and A = .5
d. a = .6 and A = .4
Which of the following statements do studies of macaques, vervets, and baboons
support?
a. Maternal rank is not a good predictor of a daughter’s rank.
b. Matrilineages rank above or below all members of other matrilineages.
c. The stability of female dominance relationships is not a result of kin-based alliances.
d. Females inherit patrilineal rank.
________ speciation occurs when selection causes a single species to develop different
adaptations to a similar environment.
a. Allopatric
b. Sympatric
c. Parapatric
d. Peripatric
According to the biological species concept, species remain the same because
a. new mutations are usually maladaptive.
b. environments change slowly.
c. gene flow keeps individuals similar to each other.
d. natural selection is a powerful process.
Which of the following statements about food acquisition is NOT true?
a. Contemporary human foragers sometimes share meat.
b. Chimpanzees spend most of their time feeding on extracted and hunted foods.
c. Evidence suggests that the Oldowan hominins were neither hunters nor scavengers.
d. Juveniles in contemporary human foraging groups are responsible for finding their
own food each day.
Spheroids were most likely
a. used to process plant foods.
b. hammer stones that were worn from making tools.
c. hunting tools thrown at animals.
d. made most often by right-handed toolmakers.
Opposition to the use of evolutionary theory is most intense when it is applied to
a. nonhuman primates.
b. early hominins.
c. the physiology of modern humans.
d. the behavior of modern humans.
Describe the practice of a bridewealth payment. What are the motivations for the bride
and groom’s families? Give an example.