Two days after three women missing at least a decade were freed from a home in
downtown Cleveland, details about the victims and the suspect began to emerge. Police
said Amanda Berry, Gina DeJesus and Michelle Knight were all held captive in a home
owned by local musician and bus driver Ariel Castro. Neighbors said they had no idea
anyone else was inside Castro’s home on Seymour Avenue. They only knew him as a
“nice guy” who liked to attend barbecues, listen to Spanish music and ride a
four-wheeler. But police say his home was a prison, where the three women were tied
down in order to keep from escaping.
Of the many criminal acts perpetrated by Ariel Castro, which offense was he not likely
to have committed?
a. paraphilias
b. frotteurism
c. sadomasochism
d. assault and battery
Cyber crime consists of three categories of crime which includes all of the following
except
a. cyber commerce
b. cyber theft
c. cyber vandalism
d. cyber terrorism
The writings of Karl Marx have had a great impact on______, which faults the
economic system for producing the conditions that lead to high crime rates.
a. classical criminology
b. positivist criminology
c. developmental criminology
d. critical criminology
The major premise of the neurological theory is that:
a. as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of
which make aggressive and predisposed to commit crime.
b. criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of children.
c. criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment.
d. crime is a function of diet and food allergies.
Which of the following theories addresses the different classes and types of offenders
associated with crime?
a. life course
b. propensity
c. classical
d. trajectory
Voluntary or nonnegligent manslaughter refers to a killing committed in the heat of
passion or during a sudden quarrel that provoked violence.
a. True
b. False
The majority of murderers use to commit their murder.
a. blunt objects
b. firearms
c. ropes
d. knives
The willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text is called
a. cyberbullying
b. cyberwarfare
c. cyberspying
d. cyberstalking
According to the research on chronic offenders, punishment was related to chronic
offending.
a. conditionally
b. contrapositively
c. conversely
d. inversely
______organized crime groups are believed to be the main purveyors of credit card
fraud in the United States.
a. Russian
b. Chinese
c. Sicilian
d. Mexican
During the trial, the defense was not allowed to discuss the background of the two
women who accused Williams because of
a. consent
b. shield laws
c. narcissistic personality disorder
d. statutory rape
Aside from identifying several specific pathways to crime, what else did Loeber
discover about criminal pathways?
a. Some pathways do not lead to a sustained deviant career.
b. Some people enter two and even three pathways simultaneously.
c. Adult crime specialization is dependent upon the pathway taken to crime.
d. Adolescents who simultaneously enter more than one pathway are the most likely to
desist from crime as they mature.
Criminals structure crime. For instance, crack cocaine street dealers prefer the middle
of a long block as the best location for dealing.
a. True
b. False
Marcus Felson argues that the risk of crime may be increased by improving the
effectiveness of_____ .
a. crime obstructers.
b. crime discouragers.
c. crime monitors.
d. crime inhibitors.
According to the evolutionary theory, over the history of the human species______
males have had the greatest impact on the gene pool.
a. aggressive
b. intelligent
c. introverted
d. mentally ill
Because they combine personal, social, socialization, cognitive, and situational factors,
life course theories are described as
a. multidimensional theories
b. incorporated theories
c. integrated theories
d. dynamic theories
What is known about mental disorders and crime?
a. It is possible that the link between mental illness and crime is spurious and caused by
some other factor.
b. Mentally ill offenders are more likely to have low recidivism rates than non-mentally
ill offenders.
c. Research suggests that people who suffer from mental illness seem to be less
anti-social than members of the general population.
d. Males offenders seem to have more serious mental health disorders than do female
offenders.
This type of offender is characterized by staying out of trouble during adolescence, until
late in one’s teenage years, then becoming a violent chronic offender.
a. the abstainer
b. the adolescent limited
c. the life course persister
d. the late bloomer
Children who grow up in low-income homes are less likely to achieve in school and
less likely to complete school than children who do not grow up in low-income
households.
a. True
b. False
What happens when crime reduction programs produce a short-term positive effect, but
benefits dissipate as criminals adjust to new conditions?
a. diffusion
b. discouragement
c. displacement
d. extinction
reflects the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological
traits.
a. Rational choice
b. Trait theory
c. Social structure theory
d. Labeling theory
According to Messerschmidt’s views in Capitalism,Patriarchy,andCrimewhat factor
explains why females in society commit fewer crimes than males?
a. double marginality
b. marginalization
c. surplus value
d. preemptive deterrence
UCR data associates social class with crime, indicating higher crime rates in inner-city,
high-poverty areas. An alternative explanation for the association between social class
and crime is _____, not actual criminal behavior patterns.
a. social stereotyping
b. population diversity
c. law enforcement practices
d. unemployment and under-employment
Strain theory holds that crime is a function of
a. unequal distribution of wealth.
b. loss of informal institutions of social control.
c. conflict between people’s goals and means.
d. available methods of achievement.
According to power-control theory, which type of family produces daughters whose
law-violating behavior mirrors that of their brothers?
a. paternalistic families
b. matriarchal families
c. egalitarian families
d. capitalist families
Christopher is convinced that if he carries a weapon, he will not be victimized. He is
trying to convince his mother that when he turns 18, he should be allowed to carry a
gun. What does the research say about victimization and carrying a weapon?
a. Males who carried weapons were half as likely to be victimized than those who did
not.
b. Males who carried weapons were twice as likely to be victimized than those who did
not.
c. Males who carried weapons were three times more likely to be victimized than those
who did not.
d. Makes who carried weapons were three times less likely to be victimized than those
who did not.
Empirical research is considered incompatible with critical criminology.
a. True
b. False
Laub and Sampson identify life events that enable adult offenders to desist from crime.
Accordingly, they identify transitions as short-term events embedded in
a. trajectories.
b. social capital.
c. marital relationships.
d. pathways.
Although criminal offenders are people predisposed to crime, they are not robots who
commit crime without restraint. According to the general theory of crime, change in the
frequency of criminal activity is a function of
a. change in one’s level of impulsivity.
b. change in one’s level of self-control.
c. change in criminal opportunity.
d. change in environmental conditions.
Bernard Madoff has been referred to as the greatest of all time.
a. influence peddler
b. pilferer
c. exploiter
d. financial chiseler
Which of the following is NOT one of the significant life-changing events which
reduces criminality, according to Laub and Sampson?
a. buying a car
b. joining the military
c. getting married
d. getting a job
Collective efficacy refers to the social control exerted by cohesive communities that is
based on mutual trust.
a. True
b. False