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Except for some early Homo individuals, there is very little in the way of an
evolutionary trend in increased body size or of marked greater encephalization.
The modification of natural objects for use as tools has several implications for
nonhuman primate intelligence.
Although excavations at Olduvai Gorge have yielded abundant archaeological traces,
no hominin remains have ever been found there.
The prenatal life cycle phase begins with conception and ends at weaning.
Rates of development can be accurately reconstructed by examining dental growth
markers.
Physical anthropologists are interested only in the study of biological systems.
The majority of modern anthropologists regard biological determinism as a valid mode
of explaining human racial differences.
There is evidence of chronological overlap in occupation of the Near East by
Neandertals and modern humans.
Forensic anthropologists must deal with the race concept because they are asked by law
enforcement agencies to identify an individual's race from skeletal remains.
New alleles are the results of mutations.
Bonobo communities, like those of chimpanzees, are centered around male-male bonds.
Bone tools, beads, and decorated ocher fragments were found at Blombos Cave as old
as 73,000 years old.
A eukaryotic cell is composed of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins but lacks nucleic
acids.
In major cities throughout Europe and the U.S., illegal bushmeat is readily available.
Study of the Hox genes indicates that it takes hundreds of mutations to lead to
diversification of the basic vertebrate limb structure.
The main effect of fluctuating climates in Africa during the Pleistocene was to change
rainfall patterns.
It is estimated that about 10 percent of all ocean-dwelling plants and animals on earth
live in endangered coastal reefs.
The genotype sets limits and potentials for development and interacts with the
environment to produce the phenotype.
Meiosis occurs ONLY in ovaries.
Both nutritional deficiencies and excesses can cause health problems and interfere with
childhood growth.
Nondisjunction can occur in the autosomes but never occurs in the sex chromosomes.
The structure of DNA can be described as a triple helix.
Because organic materials such as sticks and bones are usually well preserved in the
archaeological record, we have good evidence of the earliest stages of hominin cultural
modifications.
Sexual dimorphism refers to reproductive differences among mammal species.
A nuchal torus refers to the projection of bone on the top of the cranium which is very
common among Homo erectus.
The variation that exists among individuals within a species is termed interspecific
variation.
The result of nondisjunction is that NONE of the daughter cells will receive any
chromosomes.
Cladistic analysis makes no attempt to discern ancestor-descendant relationships.
In 1990, the people of Bangladesh were unable to cope with the floods since they had
no knowledge of irrigation systems.
Orangutan adults have a very active locomotion pattern, and they frequently brachiate.
Many scientists see the production of greenhouse gases by humans as tipping the
balance toward a catastrophic global climate change.
The term ethnicity was originally proposed in order to avoid the emotional baggage
associated with the term race.
There are no well-documented examples of natural selection operating in natural
populations.
Which of the following is true of the relativistic view of culture?
a. It allows us to understand our concerns and to view our own culture from a narrower
perspective.
b. It allows us to understand other people's concerns and to view our own culture from a
broader perspective.
c. We realize that we can judge other species using human criteria.
d. We come to recognize the superiority of humans.
e. We understand the importance of our culture.
Among the apes, the ________ have the smallest average body sizes.
a. gibbons and siamangs
b. bonobos
c. chimpanzees
d. macaques
e. orangutans
Which of the following does not characterize Cercopithecines
a. are one subfamily of Old World monkeys
b. are more generalized than colobines
c. include baboons, guenons, and macaques
d. have cheek pouches for storing food
e. found only in Sri Lanka and Madagascar
Structural similarities shared by a wide array of distantly related species that are
inherited from a remote ancestor, such as the number of bones in the forelimb, are
termed
a. specialized
b. ancestral (primitive)
c. adaptive radiations
d. analogies
e. derived (modified)
Regarding aspects of primate maturation, learning, and behavior, primates have all
except
a. a more efficient means of fetal nourishment
b. longer periods of gestation
c. reduced numbers of offspring
d. delayed maturation
e. decreased life span
Hypoxia
a. is the reduced availability of oxygen
b. occurs at higher altitudes because the atmosphere contains less oxygen than at sea
level
c. exerts no stress on humans
d. is a problem for people living at sea level
e. is not a concern for humans
Which of the following is incorrect. Trisomy 21
a. is only one of several examples of an abnormal number of autosomes that is
compatible with life beyond the first five years
b. is caused by nondisjunction
c. is caused by having three copies of chromosome 21
d. occurs in 1 out of 10,000 births
e. is associated with paralysis of limbs
The ________ epoch has been called the "Ice Age."
a. Pleistocene
b. Paleocene
c. Pliocene
d. Miocene
e. Eocene
Two forms of evidence help to confirm the hypothesis that H. erectus evolved in Africa.
First, all of the earlier hominins come from Africa. Second,
a. well-preserved postcranial elements are scarce at some H. erectus sites.
b. the adult height of the Nariokotome youth would have been about 6 feet.
c. by 1.7 mya there are well-dated fossils of H. erectus at East Turkana, in Kenya, and
not long after at other sites in East Africa.
d. postcranial bones look very similar to modern humans.
e. growth pattern of Nariokotome would have been similar to that of modern humans.
Which is not an important aspect of human culture?
a. It is learned.
b. It includes such things as technology, language, religion, and gender roles.
c. It is genetically determined.
d. It is a critical role in human evolution.
e. It is a strategy that includes various technologies, but fortunately excludes language
and kinship rules which are always changing.
Researchers have recently sequenced the genetic identities of nine ancient fully modern
H. sapiens from sites in Italy, France, the Czech Republic, and Russia. What did this
research focus on?
a. the Y chromosome
b. mtDNA
c. the ABO blood groups
d. the Y chromosome and the ABO blood groups
e. only cranial remains
DNA hybridization of humans and chimpanzees indicate they share about _________ of
their DNA base sequences.
a. 10 percent
b. 95 percent
c. 28 percent
d. 99 percent
e. 100 percent
Carolus Linnaeus
a. established a binomial system of classification for plants and animals
b. was a proponent of evolutionary change
c. opposed all notions of fixity of species
d. was a supporter of Charles Darwin
e. developed theories of natural selection
One hypothesis that proposes to explain senescence notes that cells that divide
throughout the life course have shortened DNA sequences at the end of the
chromosomes. This is referred to as the ________ hypothesis.
a. hadromere
b. carsonomere
c. telomere
d. intron
e. old age
__________________first recognized that species were groups of organisms that were
distinguished from other such groups by their ability to mate with one another and
produce fertile offspring.
A. John Ray
B. Charles Darwin
C. Carolus Linnaeus
D. Alfred Russel Wallace
E. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Biological systems are balanced systems maintained by the interaction of physiological
mechanisms that compensate for both external and internal changes. Such a balanced
system is in
a. hypoxia
b. homeostasis
c. heterostasis
d. acclimatization
e. polystasis
What do the language experiments with chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas indicate?
a. They lack the ability to communicate symbolically.
b. They can learn to use up to 100 spoken words.
c. They have some ability to use signs to communicate.
d. They have human-like vocal tract anatomies.
e. They think symbolically in the same way humans do.
Which statement concerning polygenic traits is not true?
a. They are governed by more than one genetic locus.
b. Their expression is often influenced by genetic/environmental interactions.
c. The alleles have an additive effect on the phenotype.
d. They are continuous traits
e. The most frequently discussed are skin, hair and eye color.
Bergmann's rule
a. states that a linear body with long arms and legs is optimal for cold climates
b. concerns the relationship between climate and shape and size of appendages
c. states that bodies with increased mass or volume to surface area are optimal for cold
climates
d. is based upon the principle that as arms increase in length, there is a corresponding
increase in surface area
e. is based on the principle that heat is retained at the body surface
Continental drift
a. had no real impact on the evolutionary history of vertebrates
b. never occurred
c. is the movement of the continents on the Earth's surface
d. ceased to occur several million years ago
e. occurs only in the Old World
When assessing evolutionary relationships, one approach is to focus on derived
(modified) characteristics. What is this approach called?
a. taxonomy
b. phylogeny
c. classification
d. cladistics
e. homoplasy
Culture
a. has not been an important factor in the evolutionary success of humans
b. is a means by which humans adapt beyond biology
c. has been a limiting factor in the evolution of humans
d. does not have profound effects on the choices we make
e. has not impacted the lives of other species on the planet
The Herto remains are
a. from South Africa
b. from the Middle Awash area of Ethiopia
c. considered to be modern Neandertal
d. considered to be Ardipithecus
e. the earliest European evidence of modern humans
Which is the best example of natural selection?
a. the peppered moth
b. the medium ground finch of the Galpagos
c. the recent increase in resistant strains of disease-causing microorganisms
d. the recent decrease in resistant strains of disease-causing microorganisms
e. Mendel's project with peas and beans
A zygote
a. is formed by the union of two somatic cells
b. has only half the full complement of genetic material
c. is part of a nucleotide
d. undergoes meiosis
e. has the potential to develop into a new individual
Which subdiscipline of anthropology is concerned with various aspects of human
language?
a. primatology
b. linguistic anthropology
c. ethnology
d. applied anthropology
e. anthropometry
It appears the world's population growth has
a. increased due to the decline in mortality rates of children.
b. increased due to the use of antibiotics.
c. decreased due to increases in income and education.
d. increased due to decreases in income and education.
e. not been a problem since the advent of agriculture.
By ______________________Costa Rica has been able to preserve much of its forests
and wildlife.
a. banning hunting
b. limiting the rise in childbirth rates
c. developing ecotourism
d. educating girls and women
e. discouraging ecotourism
The cave paintings in the Grotte Chauvet
a. are relatively crude and primitive
b. mostly depict landscapes
c. mostly depict female humans
d. date to about 10,000 ya
e. date to 35,000 ya
What is the dating method that uses the principle that undisturbed underlying geologic
deposits are older than overlying geologic deposits?
a. stratigraphic dating
b. paleomagnetism
c. carbon-14 dating
d. K/Ar dating
e. fluorine analysis
_______ is a radiometric dating method popular with archaeologists that can be used to
date materials up to 75,000 years old.
a. Carbon-14
b. Paleomagnetism
c. Thermoluminesence
d. K/Ar
e. Biostratigraphy
The genetic evidence from Neandertal remains that is used in studying most Neandertal
fossils is in the form of
a. ribosomal information
b. nuclear DNA
c. mtDNA
d. all of these
e. a and b only
Bonobos are
a. the most thoroughly studied primate species
b. in the same genus as the gorilla
c. behaviorally indistinguishable from chimpanzees
d. in the same genus as the chimpanzee
e. almost exclusively arboreal
Early modern Homo sapiens remains rom the Near East include
a. Kow Swamp
b. Skhūl
c. Herto
d. Omo Kibish
e. Zhoukoudian
