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"Tapping Our Strength," Eisa Nefertari Ulen
As a Muslim and a womanist, Eisa Nefertari Ulen stands at an important intersection.
She challenges Western feminists who criticize women who embrace Islamic traditions
to consider whether women who insist on wearing hijab are "unconsciously oppressed"
or are they actually, "performing daily acts of resistance." Are they, she asks, actually
"the most daring of revolutionaries...storming the gates for our own liberation"? She
challenges the reader to see the cutting of Western women for "beautification" as a
"virtual duplication" of the cutting of daughters by some Muslim women in the
"pre-Islamic practice of genital mutilation." She also challenges those who claim to
practice Islam while violating its teachings by dishonoring women. Ultimately she calls
for the building of bridges among Muslims and non-Muslims, and among warrior
women who "have so much work to do."
Islam:
a. is a monotheistic religion.
b. admonishes the persecution of people based on gender, race, and class.
c. means "peace" and considers a war waged in self-defense to be the only legitimate
war
d. all of these answers are correct
"The Well-Coifed Man: Class, Race, and Heterosexual Masculinity in the Hair
Salon,"Kristen Barber
Kristen Barber responds to claims that the male body is now sexualized and objectified
by media just as women's bodies have been. In her case study of a small hair salon in
California, Barber finds that men who purchase "beauty work and beauty products"
consciously distinguish themselves from white working class men and distance
themselves from "the feminizing character " of beauty work. She argues that these men
"appropriate embodied symbols of cultural capital that distinguish them as raced,
classed, sexualized and gendered" and that they
"heterosexualize" their contacts with women stylists, further distancing themselves
from the potential gender equalizing effects of beauty work.
The men in Barber's study positioned themselves as "classy" by comparing salon talk
to:
a. barbershop talk
b. pillow talk
c. a business seminar
d. gossip
"Sex and Gender Through the Prism of Difference," Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner
Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner present a new
framework of the study of gender. The "prism of difference" they describe broadens the
traditional view of gender by recognizing the influences of social locations other than
gender, and hierarchical systems other than patriarchy. This new perspective
encompasses the experiences of all women, not just those defined as middle class white
women, new views on men and masculinity, and the consideration of gender within a
global perspective. The authors argue that by looking at gender through a "prism,"
instead of a patchwork of other factors, such as class, race, national identity, age, etc.,
the differences and inequalities recognized among both women and men will serve to
expand our understanding of gender.
According to Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner,
theexperiences of which of the following groups need to be considered under the "prism
of difference"?
a. international companies
b. immigrant women and refugee women
c. schools
d. civic organizations
"White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack," Peggy McIntosh
Peggy McIntosh explores the invisibility of racial privilege. She argues that Whites tend
to be unaware of the privilege they have as members of the dominant group. To
illustrate this point she compares her own experiences with denied male privilege to her
own limited perception of the privilege she enjoys because she is White. In an effort to
challenge this lack of awareness, she lists forty-six examples of the invisible privilege
she experiences in her everyday life that people of color do not. She points out that
these daily benefits of being white make her life easier. For example, the ability to shop
without being followed, to count on her skin color not causing suspicion of her financial
reliability, or even the ability to find blemish cover to match her skin tone reflects her
white privilege. She argues that for Whites these occurrences are largely taken for
granted. They are expected, assumed to be the normal experiences of everyday life. For
people of color, however, they are constant reminders of the struggle involved in all
aspects of life when one's position in society is reflected as outside of the norm.
McIntosh identifies positive and negative aspects of privilege; unearned advantage and
conferred dominance. The advantage experienced by the privileged group can be
unearned, merely as a consequence of their position, or it can be created through
dominance yielded because of their position. Both aspects challenge the notion that
one's experience in society is based solely on one's merit, and recognizing this
challenges the denial surrounding systems of privilege and oppression. McIntosh
contends that once the privileged can no longer deny the benefits intrinsic to their
position, they must then decide to either destroy or maintain the system from which
they benefit.
McIntosh says the word "privilege" now seems misleading. Its connotations are
too_________________to fit the conditions and behaviors that "privilege systems"
produce.
a. negative
b. positive
c. ambiguous
d. guilt inducing
"Are Emily and Greg More Employable Thank Lakisha and Jamal? Marianne
Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan
Recognizing that all measures of economic success show racial inequalities in the
United States labor market, these authors designed and conducted a study to determine
whether perceptions of race connected with an applicant's name might influence
whether the applicant got called for an interview. They created fictitious job applicants
and assigned names suggestive of different races to identical resumes This article
reports their findings.
Bertrand and Mullainathan found that a White name yielded as many more callbacks as
an additional _______________ years of experience on a resume.
a. 3
b. 8
c. 5
d. 2
"We Are Not Ophelia: Empowerment and Activist Identities," Jessica K. Taft
Jessica Taft identifies a distinction between empowerment of girls and girls' activism.
Empowerment, she argues, "is all too often focused on incorporating girls into the
social order, while activist girls desire to make substantial changes to the social order.
The girls in her study find the civic engagement emphasis of popular definitions of
empowerment far too narrow. They want much more than simply to better their own
circumstances; they want to make the world a better place for all to live. With a
sociological rather than an individualized view of the world, these girls connect their
own struggles as issues of public concern. Taft identifies a "breathtaking range of social
problems and contemporary political issues' girl activists work collectively to address.
Contemporary models of "empowerment" for girls tend to focus on:
a. civic engagement and incorporating girls into the social order.
b. working collectively to solve social problems
c. getting an education
d. changing the world
"Gender Matters. So Do Race And Class: Experiences of Gendered Racism on the
Wal-Mart Shop Floor," Sandra E, Weissinger
Sandra Weissinger examined complaints made in the Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc.
class action lawsuit to understand the specific ways that individuals who are targeted
for mistreatment experience mistreatment in raced, classed and gendered ways. She
documents the unequal treatment that women receive in comparison to men, but shows
that some women hold contradictory positions. A given woman who is targeted for her
gender may be given some privilege linked to her race, thus yielding different outcomes
for different women. She argues that discrimination based on sex alone does not explain
the variation in women's experiences.
She concludes that discriminatory work atmospheres are maintained in multiple and
complex ways, contributing to the persistence of "a web of intersecting and relational
inequalities."
Ms. Gina Espinoza-Price was _______________six weeks after complaining about
sexual harassment.
a. given a promotion
b. given a raise
c. sued for libel by the manager she accused
d. terminated from her job at Wal-Mart
"Are Emily and Greg More Employable Thank Lakisha and Jamal? Marianne
Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan
Recognizing that all measures of economic success show racial inequalities in the
United States labor market, these authors designed and conducted a study to determine
whether perceptions of race connected with an applicant's name might influence
whether the applicant got called for an interview. They created fictitious job applicants
and assigned names suggestive of different races to identical resumes This article
reports their findings.
Bertrand and Mullainathan conclude that job training programs _______________ to
alleviate the racial gap in labor market outcomes.
a. are unnecessary
b. may not be enough
c. are the only thing needed
d. are the one thing missing from social programs
"The First Americans: Americans Indians," Matthew Snipp
Matthew Snipp presents a historical summary of the United States' treatment of
American Indians: removal, assimilation, the Indian New Deal, termination and
relocation, and self determination. In the early 1800s removal of American Indians was
the goal of the United States. Increased population and newly acquired land encouraged
the push of American Indians westward, first through negotiated treaties and ultimately
through forced removal. These actions resulted in severe hardship for American Indians
physically and culturally. At the end of the 1800s the government policy regarding
American Indians shifted to assimilation, or rather "humane extinction." The goal of the
government, Snipp points out was to "civilize" American Indians through religion,
education, ownership of property, and agricultural careers. The effect of assimilation on
American Indians was the loss and disorganization of land, the impact of which is still
being felt today.
In the early 1930s the government encompassed American Indians in the New Deal
programs. This shift in treatment demonstrated a new respect for American Indian
culture and land. Economic and infrastructure support was granted to American Indian
reservations, and tribal governance was allowed. American Indian policy took a
different shift after WWII with the goals of termination and relocation. The United
States government sought to terminate their dealing with American Indians and relocate
American Indians to urban areas. In the era of the Civil Rights movement, yet another
shift in United States and American Indian relations occurred. "Self-determination," the
goal of American Indian autonomy, became the focus resulting in greater control of
tribal governments and the end to termination policies. Snipp concludes with a
discussion of the current status of American Indians. Population growth among
American Indians has increased on reservations and in Urban areas. Snipp points out
that both of these segments of the American Indian population face economic hardship.
Urban American Indians also face the struggle of maintaining their culture away from
reservations. Pan-Indianism has served to unite American Indian tribes in their fight for
survival.
Assimilation of American Indians took the form of:
a. boarding schools for American Indian children and the 1887 General Allotment Act.
b. the continued practice of traditional ceremonies.
c. tribal governance.
d. the Trail of Tears
"Is Capitalism Gendered and Racialized?" Joan Acker
Capitalism has been dominated by white males and built by a subordinated gender and
race segregated labor force. It has been buttressed by a largely unpaid force of
caregivers who are primarily female. These gender and race divisions of labor still exist
and are global in scope. Furthermore, capitalist endeavors are gendered in that
hegemonic masculinities define dominant values in the norms of corporate conduct.
Cutting jobs to raise profits is a form of:
a. violent and hegemonic masculinity.
b. marginalized masculinity.
c. subordinate masculinity.
d. communism.
"Crimes Against Humanity," Ward Churchill
Churchill makes a case for seeing the use of American Indian names and degrading and
dehumanizing symbols by sports teams as a violation of the Geneva Convention and a
crime against humanity. The use of these names and images creates barriers to authentic
communication about the realities of history and contemporary life for American
Indians. Churchill challenges several myths, including that the use of these symbols is
just good clean fun; that this usage "honors' American Indians; and that if some find the
practice offensive it doesn"t matter because there are too few left to defend themselves.
Based on Churchill's essay, the indigenous American Indian population has been
reduced in a process which is ongoing to this day, from ______________in the year
1500 to fewer than ________________by the beginning of the 20th century.
a. 15 million/ 2 million
b. 20 million/3 million
c. 12.5 million/250,000
d. 4 billion/20,000
"I Hate It When People Treat Me Like a Fxxx-up," Jeanne Theoharis
Jeanne Theoharis responds to the commonly held belief that urban minority students
fail to value education by studying attitudes of African American and Latino high
school students who attend an intensely segregated Los Angeles school. The writings of
these students debunk the myth that they do not value an education, and indicate to the
contrary, "how profoundly students value education, how deeply they wish to succeed
academically, and how much they hope to make their families proud." Theoharis
analyzes the schooling these students receive, identifying structural explanations for
why these highly motivated students sometimes claim that "school sucks."
When anti-intellectual attitudes appear in White students they are assumed to be
_______________; when the same anti-intellectual attitudes are found in Black and
Latino teenagers are treated as a sign of _______________ according to Theoharis.
a. inevitable/cultural dysfunction
b. unusual/natural
c. pathological/natural
d. cultural dysfunction/inevitable teenage behavior
"From a Native Daughter," Haunani-Kay Trask
Trask describes her experiences of growing up and learning about Hawaiian history
from two sources. Her family described the ""life of the old ones'" " how they planted,
fished, danced and chanted. The second source, textbooks, described a very different
Hawaii " ""Pagan Hawaiians'" could not read or write and were ""lustful cannibals.""
Trask is troubled by how native language has been suppressed by school knowledge.
She concludes that historians had never learned the language of the Hawaiian people.
Therefore, the story of Hawaii, its culture and connection to the land remains unwritten.
According to the article, the first step in the colonizing process is:
a. learning the Native language of the people
b. the deculturation of a people
c. infanticide
d. assimilation of the colonizers to the native culture
"Lifting as We Climb: Women of Color, Wealth, and America's Future," Center
for Community Economic Development
This article addresses the significant gap in wealth owned by diverse groups of women
of color compared to men who are their racial counterparts and to white women. Both
structural and cultural factors that contribute to the gap are discussed, along with policy
solutions. Because women of color "are some of the most resilient, resourceful, and
relied-upon people in our society" programs aimed at increasing economic security for
these women are essential to the future economic health of the nation as a whole.
Divorced women of color have a median wealth of $4200. Divorced white men have a
median wealth of:
a. $10,874
b. $80,000
c. $25,000
d. $41,263
"Rape, Racism and the Law" Jennifer Wriggins
Wriggins argues that the legal system's treatment of rape has furthered racism and has
denied the reality of women's sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of
rape in the US has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both
White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.
The criminal justice system continues to take the rape of Black women less seriously
than the rape of White women.
a. true
b. false
c. true, but only when the accused rapist is White
d. true, but only when the accused rapist is Black
"Are Emily and Greg More Employable Thank Lakisha and Jamal? Marianne
Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan
Recognizing that all measures of economic success show racial inequalities in the
United States labor market, these authors designed and conducted a study to determine
whether perceptions of race connected with an applicant's name might influence
whether the applicant got called for an interview. They created fictitious job applicants
and assigned names suggestive of different races to identical resumes This article
reports their findings.
One of the factors Bertrand and Mullainathan tested for to learn its effect on callback
rates was:
a. level of education
b. state of residence
c. resume quality
d. number of previous jobs held by applicants
"Seeing More than Black and White: Latinos, Racism, and the Cultural
Divide," Elizabeth Martinez
Elizabeth Martinez contends that Latinos, among other racial and ethnic groups, have
been largely ignored in the discussion of racism in the United States. She argues that the
growing population of these groups, along with the increased awareness of their similar
experiences, requires a broadening of the historically dichotomous view of race as
Black and White. The denial of the Latino experience reflects the conflicting perception
of Latinos by dominant society; they are viewed as invisible and a threat at the same
time. The invisibility of Latinos is reflected in either the denial of their presence or in a
one-dimensional view of Latinos based largely on stereotypes. When the presence of
Latinos is recognized, it is often within the context of jeopardizing the dominant or
other minority groups' position. Martinez argues that the removal of Latinos from the
discussion of race has resulted not only in a denial of their experience as a group
targeted by racism, but it has prevented the acknowledgement of the similarity in their
and other people of color's treatment thereby preventing unity in their shared struggle
against racism.
According to Martinez, contemporary Black rebellion has been:
a. non-existent
b. rural
c. urban
d. international
"Seeing More than Black and White: Latinos, Racism, and the Cultural
Divide," Elizabeth Martinez
Elizabeth Martinez contends that Latinos, among other racial and ethnic groups, have
been largely ignored in the discussion of racism in the United States. She argues that the
growing population of these groups, along with the increased awareness of their similar
experiences, requires a broadening of the historically dichotomous view of race as
Black and White. The denial of the Latino experience reflects the conflicting perception
of Latinos by dominant society; they are viewed as invisible and a threat at the same
time. The invisibility of Latinos is reflected in either the denial of their presence or in a
one-dimensional view of Latinos based largely on stereotypes. When the presence of
Latinos is recognized, it is often within the context of jeopardizing the dominant or
other minority groups' position. Martinez argues that the removal of Latinos from the
discussion of race has resulted not only in a denial of their experience as a group
targeted by racism, but it has prevented the acknowledgement of the similarity in their
and other people of color's treatment thereby preventing unity in their shared struggle
against racism.
According to Martinez, recognition of the similar experiences among racial and
ethnic groups will result in:
a. competition over scarce and limited resources.
b. greater solidarity in the fight against racism.
c. diminished distinction among groups.
d. an end to racism
"Crimes Against Humanity," Ward Churchill
Churchill makes a case for seeing the use of American Indian names and degrading and
dehumanizing symbols by sports teams as a violation of the Geneva Convention and a
crime against humanity. The use of these names and images creates barriers to authentic
communication about the realities of history and contemporary life for American
Indians. Churchill challenges several myths, including that the use of these symbols is
just good clean fun; that this usage "honors' American Indians; and that if some find the
practice offensive it doesn"t matter because there are too few left to defend themselves.
The Genocide Convention makes it a _______________ to create conditions leading to
the destruction of an identifiable human group.
a. "crime against humanity"
b. "crime against groups"
c. "crime against women"
d. "crime against men"
"Darker Shade of Queer," Chung-suk Han
Chung-suk Han writes as a gay man of color who must confront racism in
"gayborhoods' and gay organizations and must at the same time confront homophobia
among people of color. Ultimately, he says, the crisis for gay men of color is a crisis of
masculinity " a crisis that manifests in different ways for gay men of diverse races.
The primacy of whiteness in the gay community manifests as:
a. internalized racism
b. homophobia
c. a preference among whites for partners who are Asian
d. a preference among Asians for Asian partners
"Women's Rights as Human Rights: Toward a Re-Vision of Human Rights,"
Charlotte Bunch
Charlotte Bunch notes that "no government determines its policies toward other
countries on the basis of their treatment of women." In addition, she argues, human
rights organizations rarely treat women as a priority. Government and non-government
agencies alike tend to see women's concerns as trivial, private, or simply outside the
purview of human rights issues. Noting that "sexism kills," Bunch identifies the many
concerns of women that must be made a priority if human rights are to be obtained.
According to Bunch, sexism:
a. is not a human rights issue.
b. has disappeared.
c. kills.
d. is one of the top issues addressed by government and human rights agencies.
"White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack," Peggy McIntosh
Peggy McIntosh explores the invisibility of racial privilege. She argues that Whites tend
to be unaware of the privilege they have as members of the dominant group. To
illustrate this point she compares her own experiences with denied male privilege to her
own limited perception of the privilege she enjoys because she is White. In an effort to
challenge this lack of awareness, she lists forty-six examples of the invisible privilege
she experiences in her everyday life that people of color do not. She points out that
these daily benefits of being white make her life easier. For example, the ability to shop
without being followed, to count on her skin color not causing suspicion of her financial
reliability, or even the ability to find blemish cover to match her skin tone reflects her
white privilege. She argues that for Whites these occurrences are largely taken for
granted. They are expected, assumed to be the normal experiences of everyday life. For
people of color, however, they are constant reminders of the struggle involved in all
aspects of life when one's position in society is reflected as outside of the norm.
McIntosh identifies positive and negative aspects of privilege; unearned advantage and
conferred dominance. The advantage experienced by the privileged group can be
unearned, merely as a consequence of their position, or it can be created through
dominance yielded because of their position. Both aspects challenge the notion that
one's experience in society is based solely on one's merit, and recognizing this
challenges the denial surrounding systems of privilege and oppression. McIntosh
contends that once the privileged can no longer deny the benefits intrinsic to their
position, they must then decide to either destroy or maintain the system from which
they benefit.
In "White Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account of Coming to See
Correspondences Through Work in Women's Studies (1988)," Peggy McIntosh:
a. is more interested in developing separate institutions for Blacks than raising
the consciousness of Whites.
b. points out that Whites tend to be unaware of the privileges they have as members of
the dominant group.
c. challenges the belief that minority group members are as prejudiced as members of
the dominant group.
d. points out that White privilege no longer exists.
"Seeing More than Black and White: Latinos, Racism, and the Cultural
Divide," Elizabeth Martinez
Elizabeth Martinez contends that Latinos, among other racial and ethnic groups, have
been largely ignored in the discussion of racism in the United States. She argues that the
growing population of these groups, along with the increased awareness of their similar
experiences, requires a broadening of the historically dichotomous view of race as
Black and White. The denial of the Latino experience reflects the conflicting perception
of Latinos by dominant society; they are viewed as invisible and a threat at the same
time. The invisibility of Latinos is reflected in either the denial of their presence or in a
one-dimensional view of Latinos based largely on stereotypes. When the presence of
Latinos is recognized, it is often within the context of jeopardizing the dominant or
other minority groups' position. Martinez argues that the removal of Latinos from the
discussion of race has resulted not only in a denial of their experience as a group
targeted by racism, but it has prevented the acknowledgement of the similarity in their
and other people of color's treatment thereby preventing unity in their shared struggle
against racism.
In "Seeing More than Black and White," Elizabeth Martinez refers to the
Oppression Olympics as:
a. the lack of minority group representation at the Olympic games.
b. the competition among different oppressed groups for the least oppressed status.
c. the competition among different oppressed groups for the most oppressed status.
d. a worthy goal for any movement dedicated to social justice
"Gladiators, Gazelles, and Groupies: Basketball Love and Loathing" Julianne
Malveaux
Julianne Malveaux explores the topic of basketball within the context of gender and
race. The author speaks of a culture saturated with basketball. It is nearly impossible to
tune out, turn off or ignore. It is a cultural delimiter, a national export, a medium
through which messages about race, gender and power are transmitted not only
nationally but also internationally.
According to Julianne Malveaux, the race person in her has mixed feelings about
basketball.
On the one hand, she sees Black men making _______________ , on the other, she is
aware of the _______________ that any high school hoopster will become a Michael
Jordan.
a. goals/chances
b. big bank/minuscule odds
c. baskets/enormous odds
d. progress/high likelihood
"The Culture of Black Femininity and School Success," Carla O"Connor, R.
L"Heureux Lewis, and Jennifer Mueller
Previous studies have found that Black girls are raised to be assertive and independent
with relatively high self-esteem and work oriented aspirations. However, these same
studies have indicated that these qualities of Black femininity have undermined girls in
their educational pursuits. O"Connor, Lewis and Mueller conducted a study of three age
cohorts and found that the culture of Black femininity has changed over time, and that
Black women's socialization toward voice and power can be " and often has been "
productive in relation to securing an education. The authors conclude that a just society
is dependent upon schools and educators learning to build upon rather than attempt to
suppress "the socially productive nature of Black femininity."
O"Connor, Lewis and Mueller found that the two youngest cohorts they studies were
able to resist _________________________ by invoking their voice and power.
a. marriage
b. efforts to circumscribe their educational experiences
c. learning
d. their socialization
"Sub-Prime as a Black Catastrophe," Melvin L. Oliver and Thomas M. Shapiro
The catastrophe described by Oliver and Shapiro is rooted in the fact that home equity
is the most important source of wealth for families in the United States. The authors
argue this is particularly so for African American families. It was the targeting of
African American families by sub-prime lenders that robbed so many of this important
and hard-earned source of security.
Due to the very high interest rates charged for these loans, the devastating effects of
these sub-prime loans has not only taken away gains made in the recent past, but will
compromise the ability of African American families into the future, effecting the
ability to open small businesses, pay for college educations, and support retirements.
Predatory loans have left African American communities facing, "the greatest loss of
financial wealth" ever. "Institutional and racialized policy," they argue, "are trumping
hard-earned educational, job and income advances."
According to Oliver and Shapiro, "no recent economic crisis better illustrates the
saying,"When America gets a cold, African Americans get pneumonia" than the
sub-prime mortgage meltdown." What do they mean by this?
a. African Americans are biologically prone to catching pneumonia more so than
other Americans.
b. Any crisis suffered by Americans in general is less of a problem for African
Americans.
c. African Americans react more dramatically to crisis than other Americans.
d. The sub-prime mortgage meltdown hurt African Americans more deeply than it hurts
the country at large.
"From a Native Daughter," Haunani-Kay Trask
Trask describes her experiences of growing up and learning about Hawaiian history
from two sources. Her family described the ""life of the old ones'" " how they planted,
fished, danced and chanted. The second source, textbooks, described a very different
Hawaii " ""Pagan Hawaiians'" could not read or write and were ""lustful cannibals.""
Trask is troubled by how native language has been suppressed by school knowledge.
She concludes that historians had never learned the language of the Hawaiian people.
Therefore, the story of Hawaii, its culture and connection to the land remains unwritten.
Trask would argue that historians have engaged in thinking, by judging Hawaiian
culture to the standards of their own culture.
a. feudalistic
b. civilized
c. ethnocentric
d. possessive
"Rethinking Families and Community: The Color, Class, and Centrality of
Extended Kin Ties," Naomi Gerstel
Naomi Gerstel argues that limiting the definition of "family" to those composed of
husbands and wives or parents and young children misses much of the experience of
families as they actually exist. Calling for recognition of the importance of extended
kin, Gerstel illustrates that the development and maintenance of family support
networks is an important class-based survival strategy. In addition, Gerstel analyzes
how marriage and the nuclear family cut both men and women off from extended and
fictive kin, an idea that challenges much of classical theory on the subject.
As marriage becomes the only place where individuals look for _______________,
according to Gerstel, marriages may become fragile.
a. support and comfort
b. financial support
c. sex
d. partners
"Gender Matters. So Do Race And Class: Experiences of Gendered Racism on the
Wal-Mart Shop Floor," Sandra E, Weissinger
Sandra Weissinger examined complaints made in the Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc.
class action lawsuit to understand the specific ways that individuals who are targeted
for mistreatment experience mistreatment in raced, classed and gendered ways. She
documents the unequal treatment that women receive in comparison to men, but shows
that some women hold contradictory positions. A given woman who is targeted for her
gender may be given some privilege linked to her race, thus yielding different outcomes
for different women. She argues that discrimination based on sex alone does not explain
the variation in women's experiences.
She concludes that discriminatory work atmospheres are maintained in multiple and
complex ways, contributing to the persistence of "a web of intersecting and relational
inequalities."
Across geographic boundaries, women working for Wal-Mart were found to earn less
than:
a. minimum wage
b. management had agreed to pay them when they were hired
c. male employees in the same positions.
d. their maids and nannies
"Policing the National Body: Sex, Race, and Criminalization" Jael Silliman
Jael Silliman has defined policing the society within the context of race and class.
Politicians, representing mainstream America, have ignored or rarely addressed issues
of poverty, criminalization and race that are pressing for communities of color. Good
policing among the disadvantaged appear to be the new societal wisdom. Silliman
believes such a view negates dealing with the root causes of poverty and racism.
Silliman explains that the state regulates and criminalizes reproduction for
many_______________ through mandatory or discriminatory promotion of
long-acting contraceptives and sterilization, and by charging pregnant women on drugs
with negligence or child abuse.
a. White women
b. middle-class women
c. minority women
d. poor women
"The Bachelor: Whiteness in the Harem," Rachel E. Dubrofsky
Dubrofsky argues that while the "reality" based television series The Bachelor appears
to include women of color as eligible contestants, the reality is that the purpose of the
show is for White people to find romantic partners. This process, she says, is facilitated
by the participation of women of color who are never positioned as appropriate choices
for the White bachelor. The show uses a "Westernized trope of the Eastern harem"
reproducing the "imperialist, Orientalist and oppressive racist premises' of that image.
On The Bachelor, women of color work to:
a. attract the attention of the bachelor to themselves
b. facilitate the coupling of White people
c. sell products
d. get themselves eliminated
"Seeing More than Black and White: Latinos, Racism, and the Cultural
Divide," Elizabeth Martinez
Elizabeth Martinez contends that Latinos, among other racial and ethnic groups, have
been largely ignored in the discussion of racism in the United States. She argues that the
growing population of these groups, along with the increased awareness of their similar
experiences, requires a broadening of the historically dichotomous view of race as
Black and White. The denial of the Latino experience reflects the conflicting perception
of Latinos by dominant society; they are viewed as invisible and a threat at the same
time. The invisibility of Latinos is reflected in either the denial of their presence or in a
one-dimensional view of Latinos based largely on stereotypes. When the presence of
Latinos is recognized, it is often within the context of jeopardizing the dominant or
other minority groups' position. Martinez argues that the removal of Latinos from the
discussion of race has resulted not only in a denial of their experience as a group
targeted by racism, but it has prevented the acknowledgement of the similarity in their
and other people of color's treatment thereby preventing unity in their shared struggle
against racism.
Based upon a shared history of contemporary commonalities, Martinez states:
a. "with greater solidarity, all people win"
b. "with greater solidarity Native Americans are winners"
c. "with greater solidarity, justice for people of color could be won."
d. "with greater solidarity comes greater responsibility."
"The Bachelor: Whiteness in the Harem," Rachel E. Dubrofsky
Dubrofsky argues that while the "reality" based television series The Bachelor appears
to include women of color as eligible contestants, the reality is that the purpose of the
show is for White people to find romantic partners. This process, she says, is facilitated
by the participation of women of color who are never positioned as appropriate choices
for the White bachelor. The show uses a "Westernized trope of the Eastern harem"
reproducing the "imperialist, Orientalist and oppressive racist premises' of that image.
In the first season of American Idol more people voted by phone to help select the
winner than voted in the:
a. presidential primaries of 2000
b. local elections in their districts in 2004
c. presidential election of 2000
d. first season of Dancing with the Stars
