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Historically, in Namibia, men who have access to financial assets have been ascribed
powers of witchcraft through purchase, but because of rapid changes in economics the
demographics of who has powers of witchcraft is changing.
Much of the symbolism of the liminal persona is modeled on the biological processes of
the human body.
According to Myerhoff, transformation through the observation of oppositions
expresses a lamentation for a lost paradise.
Foster believes that naturalistic etiologies to be more ancient than personalistic.
Turner asserts that the liminal period is a stage of abstract reflection.
All the major anthropological thinkers asserted that religious behavior functions
principally to produce social cohesion.
Incidences of disease or illness may bridge across the classifications of personalistic
and naturalistic.
Cannibalism is a taboo that has historically been socially tied to racism and
exploitation.
Altered states are always seen as spiritual gifts that allow participants to see into other
realms.
Women are excluded from reasoning sessions.
Hutson believes that much of the academic discourse on raves is incomplete because it
ignores drug use.
Muslim women successfully used the veil as a social institution and point of leverage
over men in the Tobacco Movement during the late nineteenth century in Iran.
Shamans have often been compared to psychoanalysts and psychotherapists.
Symbols have a mutlivocalic nature.
Broundaries between the three areas of Curandisimo are strict and curandero/as
generally stick to one methodology primarily.
Howells posited that there are four main characteristics that distinguish "primitive"
religions from the world's "great faiths."
Spirits involved in "zar" are constant, but the prevalience with which they appear in
posessions is fluid and thought to be reactive to environmental factors.
The Berawan people of north-central Borneo are terrified by the American practice of
keeping a massive standing army of potential zombies in our midst.
The Nyoro myths should be understood as an attempt to reconstruct a lost history.
The four stages of funerary rites among the Berawan gradually move the body farther
and farther from the settlement, until finally the corpse is laid to rest in a far-removed
area of the mountains where it won't be able to pollute the community of the living.
Harris concluded that Western notions such as superstition and luck are modern
manifestations of true religious concepts.
Throughout the colonial period and beyond, Muslim women were deeply inspired by
the freedoms enjoyed by their Victorian counterparts, laying the groundwork for the
massive movements and demonstrations in the first half of the twentieth century.
Hoodfar asserts that the persistence of the colonialist response is slowly making it
easier to change the practice of veiling.
Components of Day of the Dead altars can come only from family and altars are
constructed privately in the home before being presented publically at the graveyard the
night of the celebrations.
Altered states of consciousness represent a biological capacity common to all humans
and a huge majority of cultures uses at least one form.
Furst and Coe assert that the rectal delivery system for intoxicating substances can
result in a more radically changed consciousness with the speed of an intravenous
injection and fewer negative side effects.
The mural at Bonampak depicts a fierce battle among Maya warriors.
Globally, religion is a force for conformity and homogeneity.
Reflexivity refers to concerns about the ethnographer's proper role in research.
Religious texts offered in the libraries of prisons are controlled by the Department of
Homeland security
According to Lee, there are many different terms referring to the human relationship
with the divine in societies in which religion is widespread.
Anthropologists seek the truth in the religion they are studying, focusing on different
concepts depending on their training and theoretical inclinations.
Shamanic rituals are often filled with sexual imagery.
J'varo shamans must purchase tsentsaks again and again throughout their career to
maintain power.
Full funeral rites among the Berawan usually last
A.about four days.
B.anywhere from 10 days to 28 days, but rarely exceed a lunar cycle.
C.about a "season," based on the growing cycles of riceapproximately three and a half
months.
D.at least eight to nine months, though they could continue for years depending upon
the circumstances.
Humans on all continents, and probably since prehistoric times, have used _________
to produce dramatically altered states.
A.sacred tools
B.tobacco leaves
C.plants and animal substances
D.holy water
According to Aurthur Klienman's definition of illness as culturally constructed
discussed by De La Portilla, which of the following factors contributes to manifested
physical symptoms?
A.Feelings of loss of control
B.Economic stress
C.Labor or job related stressors
D.All of the above
Greetz asserts that evil in Javanese culture is derived from ________ and is manifested
in the form of ________:
A.unbridled passion and lack of self-control; witchcraft against others
B.lack of understanding of religion; not worshiping
C.not watching wajang puppet theatre; hermitic behaviors
D.participating in trance dancing, possession
For the Huichol Indians, Wirikuta is
A.a village that has been recently abandoned.
B.a paradisiacal condition that existed before the creation of the world.
C.a place where physical existence is literally reversed.
D.a place where the supernatural and the natural realms diverge.
Which of the following is not a field of study central to the education of a Mma?
A.mythology
B.community leadership
C.social structure
D.biology
E.rhetoric
Daugherty refers to the Holy Ghost as the "great equalizer" because
A.The ritual of serpent-handling assures worth and creates a sense of power for the
"undesirable poor."
B.Holiness-type churches ask that only the "true believers" be rewardedthus setting the
scales straight.
C.The concept of the Holy Ghost that holiness-type churches work with is identical to
other figures in mainstream Christian traditions.
D.Because the Holy Ghost is expected to mete out justice by showing non-believers the
error of their ways.
Among the Kabana, the decision to sorcerize and the execution of that decision
A.is a personal matter negotiated in secrecy.
B.should result from corporate deliberation and follow certain procedural rules.
C.is only made by the head of a family clan, although he can often be persuaded when
enough of his extended family is in favor.
D.is made outside the village so that sorcerers in the village who are related to the
intended victim cannot sense the intent to attack.
Lee discusses the importance of personal autonomy among Crow and Sioux Indians to
demonstrate
A.how some groups consider the spiritual world to be full of evil-willing beings.
B.how understanding the worldview of a society can lend insight into past and present
cultural expressions.
C.the overwhelming similarities with other Native American Indian religions such as
that of the Hopi.
D.that not all Native American religions emphasize a personal relationship with the
spirit world.
All of the following are types or levels of "zar" in Sudanese society EXCEPT:
A.Small, private healings
B.Mass, public, performative healings
C.Mention in day to day conversations
D.None of the Above
Mmas hold counsels intended to
A.convey a condensed set of moral values to a group of men.
B.educate men in esoteric spiritual matters.
C.encourage women to abstain from sex and excessive sleeping and eating.
D.teach children the rudimentary social values of Kogi society.
The symptoms of distress a Japanese woman displays after an abortion are attributed to
A.criticism by friends and family members for committing a socially unacceptable act.
B.condemnation by the gods for committing an unnecessary act.
C.psychological trauma and the effects of the fetal spirit begging for love and comfort.
D.vengeance and resentment from the aborted fetal spirit that is a victim of an
unnatural, but necessary, act.
Fleuhr-Lobban compares family planning in Muslim and Western nations and
concludes that
A.Western nations have not seen the same resistance and social turbulence as Muslim
nations.
B.Muslim nations have not seen the same resistance and social turbulence as Western
nations.
C.Western nations have a stronger grasp of the needs and desires of women.
D.the birth rate in Muslim countries is too high and needs to be more effectively
controlled.
Historically epilepsy has been attributed to
A.abnormal brain activity caused by various stimulants.
B.oxygen deprivation during gestation.
C.supernatural causes.
D.parental abuse.
Reichel-Dolmatoff suggests that we should conceive of the Kogi as
A.a materially complex culture with a wide range of unique adaptations to their
environment.
B.a group of people we should respect for their ability to live in harmony and balance
with nature.
C.a people who have developed a spiritual means of accepting hardship and misfortune.
D.indigenous people who have successfully remained untainted by the modern world.
The body position of the Santer'a initiate during the moforibale indicates the gender of
his/her oricha.
The Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA) mandates that "all functions of the
entire brain" should have ceased functioning before brain death is declared, and that
"imminent" biological death is a sufficient criterion for organ donation.
In the introductory section to Chapter four, the editors assert that societies that place a
great deal of emphasis on religious experts tend to
A.be small, scale hunter-gatherer societies.
B.have political systems that are one and the same with the religious leadership.
C.organize civic life around the agricultural cycles.
D.produce their own food and have complex political and social systems.
Kapchan discusses how henna art on bodies makes public internal chances such as
coming of age/marriage, etc. All of the following are ways Kapchan discuses that
internal components or values are made public by this ritual EXCEPT:
A.Application of Henna often marks changes in life such as: marriage, birth, a son's
circumcision, or death.
B.Visible henna marks after a henna tattooing ritual act a reminder of feminine
self-identity.
C.Visible henna marks after a henna tattooing ritual bear a woman into her dominant
culture and renew the properties of a private sociocultural ritual to a wider public
audience
D.The ephemeral art of henna has no constants whatsoever and the meaning of visible
henna marks after a henna tattooing ritual will remain a dynamic mystery
Daugherty hypothesizes that, in the future, serpent-handling will
A.Die out as a tradition because it is in conflict with other Christian traditions that they
embrace.
B.Gain increased popularity among youth culture groups.
C.Be maintained as a tradition among some West Virginia mountain people because it is
at the center of their Christian faith.
D.Die out as a tradition among current practitioners in West Virginia as they experience
economic improvement and decreased cultural isolation.
Despite its modernity and state-of-the-art equipment, MCMC in Merced, California
deals with economic problems which
A.obligate doctors to refuse treatment to the uninsured.
B.means that less skilled doctors are hired.
C.limit the number of immigrants able to receive medical care.
D.negatively effect communication between English and non-English speakers.
When Luhrmann discusses the "duality" of religious understandings of the Goddess, she
is referring to the fact that
A.the Goddess is perceived as being dominantly feminine, but actually displays a
significant emphasis on male themes like virility.
B.the Goddess is both exclusively in the world and, at the same time, exclusively out of
this world.
C.the Goddess paradoxically represents both transformation and the conservation and
maintenance of unchanging traditions.
D.the Goddess is on one hand an entity one can relate to and talk with personally, and
on the other hand, the Goddess merely personifies the natural world in myth and
imagery.
The Nyoro use the "cautionary tale" to
A.validate the infallibility of young sons as leaders.
B.show that while it is appropriate for the young to lead, they must respect the advice of
their elders.
C.show that young sons are not qualified to lead.
D.show how elders always make the best leaders.
One difference between shamanic and neo-shamanic practices of today is that
A.neo-shamanic practitioners argue that shamanism is a technique anyone can learn.
B.shamanic practices hold a validity and originality that neo-shamanic practices do not.
C.neo-shamanic practices are evolving all the time while shamanic practices stay
relatively unchanged.
D.there is only one shaman that serves a group of people in traditional shamanism.
Daugherty suggests early on in her article that serpent handling among West Virginia
mountain people is
A.a tradition that has died out since the practice was made illegal in the 1930s.
B.an act of faith that reflects the geographic and economic harshness of the region.
C.gaining widespread popularity among youth culture in urban regions.
D.an act of faith that reflects the low level of education among believers.
Prominent attitudes towards death that are displayed in Day of the Dead practices
include.
A.honoring of the dead through altars and visitations shows respect and keeps the dead
happy so they do not come back and haunt.
B.showing care and respect to the dead implies that you show care and respect for
yourself as well as for your living friends and relatives.
C.take comfort in death because it is inevitable; and it is important to keep the dead
alive through memories.
D.All of the above.
According to Furst and Coe, the intoxicating enema
A.is an excellent delivery system that can dramatically alter one's state of consciousness
faster than oral ingestion with fewer negative side effects.
B.produces a more intense experience of the drug than does oral ingestion, but there are
serious side effects and associated health concerns.
C.is about the same as a bio-delivery system as oral ingestion.
D.resembles the effect produced by an intravenous injection, but the rectal delivery
system is associated with fertility problems.
Geertz describes Worldview as:
A.Synonymous with Ethos
B.The global perspective of persons based on their geographic location
C.People's view of the way things, in sheer actuality are, their concept of nature, of self,
of society
D.The dichotomy between "is" "ought" that occurs in religions reflection
"Ecology Monks" in Thailand can be
A.Mahanikai
B.Thammayut
C.part of Santi Asoke or Thammakaay movements
D.All of the above
Ethnomedicine, as defined by the editors of this book, includes all of the following
EXCEPT:
A.A society's own system of medicine, including those with long histories of
documenting their own medical knowledge
B.Folk or ritual medicine
C.Holistic consideration of cultural, economic, political, and environmental that affect
health and medicine
D.Generalized Western pharmaceutical treatments aimed at treating symptoms
