It is likely that Australopithecus afarensis
a. matured more slowly than chimpanzees.
b. had a brain size three to four times bigger than those of chimpanzees.
c. made and used stone tools to scavenge meat.
d. lived throughout West, Central, East, and South Africa.
The fact that all modern breeds of dog stem from wild wolves is evidence that
a. selection can move a population beyond its initial range of variation.
b. there is plenty of hidden variation.
c. selection is weak.
d. Both a and b are correct.
What is unique about evolution by means of artificial selection (for example, domestic
dogs)?
a. It takes longer because there is no selection pressure.
b. Stabilizing selection commonly occurs.
c. Selection pressure occurs in fits and starts.
d. It can occur rapidly because selection pressure is constant.
At the end of the Cretaceous era, mammals diversified to fill a broad range of
ecological niches. This is an example of
a. reinforcement.
b. hybrid zones.
c. phylogeny.
d. adaptive radiation.
Derived traits that distinguish modern humans from apes include
a. facultative bipedalism.
b. a short juvenile period.
c. a large brain-to-body-size ratio.
d. less body hair.
Which of the following derived characteristics did the earliest oligopithecid primates
share with modern haplorrhines?
a. Their eye sockets were fully enclosed by bone.
b. They had a 2.1.3.3 dental formula.
c. They were nocturnal.
d. They had prehensile tails.
Monkeys and apes recognize their kin through
a. genotype mapping.
b. patterns of male and female associations.
c. contact with their mothers.
d. age estimation of adult males in the group.
Australopithecus afarensis was
a. sexually dimorphic.
b. a stone-tool manufacturer.
c. monogamous.
d. older than Ardipithecus ramidus.
The very first hominins date to about
a. 60 million years ago.
b. 6 million years ago.
c. 600,000 years ago.
d. 60,000 years ago.
Orrorin tugenensis
a. was quadripedal.
b. was ancestral to Sahelanthropus tchadensis.
c. is dated to 4 million years ago.
d. lived in a mix of woodland and savanna.
Variation in the ability to digest lactose around the world is probably due to
a. genetic variation.
b. genetic drift.
c. different selective pressures.
d. both a and c.
Primates with a long juvenile period require a long life span because
a. they can reproduce faster.
b. they can experience menopause.
c. they are less subject to natural selection.
d. they need to make up for lost reproductive opportunities.
On the Galpagos Islands, natural selection pressures maintain the boundaries between
three species even though there is substantial gene flow between them. This example
provides evidence that
a. neither the biological nor the ecological species concept applies to all situations.
b. multiple genes influence beak size.
c. these three species should be classified as a single species.
d. the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) has the optimal beak size.
Gondwanaland was a landmass that consisted of
a. all present-day continents.
b. all present-day continents except for Asia.
c. none of the continents that are present today.
d. most of the continents in the Southern Hemisphere.
Mutation can maintain variation because
a. every mutation results in adaptation.
b. directional selection is constantly working.
c. a considerable amount of variation is protected from selection.
d. the rates of mutation are very high.
Chemical analysis of robust australopith teeth suggests that these hominins ate
a. only insects.
b. only tough foods.
c. tough foods and meat.
d. only meat.
The viewpoint that modern humans evolved in Africa proposes that
a. all modern humans evolved in Africa.
b. Asian Homo erectus mated with H. sapiens.
c. some modern humans evolved in Europe.
d. modern humans arose in Africa at least twice.
To understand how Mendelian genetics helps to explain evolution, we need to look
closely at what happens to genes in populations that are undergoing natural selection.
This is the domain of
a. primatology.
b. evolutionary ecology.
c. human variation.
d. population genetics.
Derived features of anatomically modern humans included
a. thicker bones.
b. a rounded skull.
c. lack of a mental eminence (no chin).
d. shorter stature across the entire species.
Based on experiments, Acheulean stone tools were probably used
a. to dig for tubers.
b. to scrape bark from trees.
c. to butcher animals.
d. as projectiles in the hunt large animals (“killer Frisbees”).
Which of the following statements is true?
a. DNA has a nonrepeating four-base structure.
b. DNA is contained in chromosomes.
c. DNA stands for determining nuclear acid.
d. DNA does not tell us why heredity leads to the patterns Mendel described in pea
plants.
A hybrid zone
a. provides evidence for allopatric speciation.
b. sometimes contains individuals that are less fit than those outside of hybrid zones.
c. sometimes contains adaptive radiations.
d. provides evidence for the ecological species concept.
Continental drift is
a. the movement of continents.
b. the presence of genetic drift in a continental population.
c. the presence of a founder effect within a single continent.
d. the cooling of a single continent due to a drift in climatic conditions.
Resource competition is an example of an environmental condition that influences
a. predator avoidance.
b. mating patterns.
c. life history traits.
d. secondary sex characteristics.
Genetic variation refers to
a. differences between individuals caused by the genes they inherit.
b. traits that are caused by the environment, not by genes.
c. traits that are caused by genes, not by the environment.
d. both a and c.
Which of the following contributes to the endangerment of primates?
a. Habitat destruction
b. Infanticide
c. Selective foresting
d. Resource competition with conspecifics
Studies of tooth enamel growth rate indicate that Homo ergaster
a. matured faster than australopiths.
b. matured at the same rate as australopiths.
c. did not have the long childhood of modern humans.
d. had the long childhood of modern humans.
Generally, Buss’s cross-cultural data show that
a. only females value traits in a mate that facilitate a long-term relationship.
b. males and females do not differ from each other in ways consistent with evolutionary
theory.
c. males value female promiscuity more than females value male promiscuity.
d. cultural differences and gender differences both contribute to mate preferences.
If animal A outranks animals B and C, and B outranks C, then the dominance
relationships are
a. unlikely to produce sexual selection.
b. unstable.
c. transitive.
d. explained by intersexual competition.
The term used for the manufacture of chipped stone tools, such as most of the Mode 1
Oldowan tools, is
a. coring.
b. flaking.
c. knapping.
d. cracking.
Among contemporary foragers,
a. men do most of the hunting and women do most of the gathering.
b. hunting and gathering are divided up by gender differently in each culture.
c. most hunting is done by a combination of men and women, while all gathering is
done by women.
d. hunting is done in only a small number of known groups.
Which tool industry indicates that Neanderthals may have tried to copy modern human
tools?
a. Aurignacian
b. Mousterian
c. Solutrean
d. Chtelperronian
Contemporary foragers rely more heavily on ________ than any other primate.
a. fruit
b. agricultural products
c. meat
d. domestic animals
A typical day in the life of a primate
a. changes significantly day to day.
b. is consumed by socializing with group members.
c. is unaffected by seasonal changes in environment.
d. includes two long feeding bouts, once in the morning and once in the late afternoon.
In social groups in which there is mate guarding,
a. females groom males more frequently.
b. males have little parental investment.
c. extrapair copulations result in a percentage of offspring.
d. genetic testing has shown it is effective against extrapair copulation.