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59. What kind of reasoning is used in the following statement?
Requiring students to sign an honor code has reduced the amount of cheating at dozens of
schools. If we adopt such a code at our school, it will help us reduce the amount of cheating, too.
a. chain
b. deductive
60. According to your textbook, what kind of reasoning is used in the following statement?
Five years ago, we came together as a community by voting to build a new elementary school.
Today, we are asking you to come together again, this time to build a new recreational facility. If
we did it before, we can do it again.
a. positive reasoning
61. What kind of reasoning is used in the following passage?
In Germany, female employees can take up to 18 weeks of maternity leave with full pay. If such
a plan can work in a prosperous nation such as Germany, surely it can work throughout the
United States.
a. generalization
b. causal
62. What kind of reasoning is used in the following statement?
Colorizing old movies such as Casablanca is like repainting the Mona Lisa.
e. reasoning from history
63. The following statement is an example of reasoning from __________.
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This program was implemented in Philadelphia two years ago and has provided housing for
more than 2,000 people at little cost to the city. If it can work there, it can work here, too.
a. cause
b. validity
64. In her speech arguing for the elimination of pennies from the U.S. money supply, Shira
demonstrated that her plan will work by showing that a similar plan worked when the United
States eliminated the half penny in 1857. What kind of reasoning did Shira use in her argument?
a. causal reasoning
65. What kind of reasoning is used in the following statement?
Local control of the school system is the most effective way to educate our children. Therefore,
local control of the healthcare system is the most effective way to maintain the health of our
citizens.
a. practical reasoning
66. According to your textbook, an error in reasoning is called a
a. syllogism.
67. According to your textbook, a fallacy is
a. a kind of appeal to emotion.
b. an inductive argument.
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68. When reasoning from specific instances, a persuasive speaker should be especially careful to
avoid the fallacy of
a. false cause.
69. The fallacy of hasty generalization occurs when a speaker
a. compares specific instances that are not essentially similar.
b. jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few instances.
70. What error in reasoning is exemplified by the following statement?
A random survey of 20 adults coming out of subway stations in New York City revealed that 16
considered owning a car to be of little importance. Clearly, 80 percent of Americans don’t care
much about owning cars.
d. invalid analogy
e. circular thinking
71. What error in reasoning is exemplified by the following statement?
My Volkswagen constantly needs repairs, and so does my roommate’s Mazda. We can see, then,
that all foreign cars are unreliable.
a. invalid analogy
72. What error in reasoning is exemplified by the following statement?
Both of my roommates drink at least three cans of soda every day and neither of them is
overweight, so all those studies that link soda consumption to obesity must be wrong.
a. circular reasoning
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73. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc, meaning “after this, therefore because of this,” is a fallacy associated
with __________ reasoning.
a. parallel
74. When committing the fallacy of false cause, a speaker assumes
a. that a single event has multiple causes.
75. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
In high school I didn’t have to study at all and I earned good grades in all my classes, so I’m sure
I don’t need to study to do well in my college classes.
a. either-or
b. red herring
76. What error in reasoning is exemplified by the following statement?
Recent studies have shown that hurricanes with female names result in more deaths and injuries
than hurricanes with male names. So if the next hurricane to come your way is named Mary, you
can be sure it will be worse than one named Mark.
a. faulty deduction
77. What error in reasoning is exemplified by the following statement?
I always wear my blue sweater when I take an exam, but I couldn’t find it yesterday. If I had
worn it yesterday, I would not have flunked my accounting exam.
d. invalid analogy
e. faulty deduction
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78. What error in reasoning is exemplified by the following statement?
The New England Journal of Medicine has discovered that countries that consume the most
chocolate have produced, over time, the greatest number of Nobel Prize winners. Therefore, if
you want to increase your chances of winning a Nobel Prize, you should eat plenty of chocolate.
e. faulty deduction
79. What error in reasoning is exemplified by the following passage?
Home sales were 30 percent higher in the summer of 2018, when temperatures averaged 95
degrees, than they were in the summer of 2011, when the average temperature was only 83
degrees. Clearly, then, hot temperatures make people more inclined to buy a house.
a. invalid analogy
80. The bandwagon fallacy
a. assumes that taking a first step will inevitably lead to other steps that cannot be prevented.
81. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
The United States is one of only four countries in the world with a minimum legal drinking age
of 21. Clearly, then, we should change our drinking age.
a. slippery slope
82. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
There can’t be anything wrong with cheating on exams if 75 percent of college students do it.
a. red herring
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83. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
Every presidential administration in recent memory has engaged in questionable fundraising
activities, so I don’t see any reason why it is wrong for the current administration to do so.
a. red herring
84. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
Instituting a national sales tax must be a bad idea. Polls show that 66 percent of Americans
oppose it.
a. invalid syllogism
85. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
The best-tasting cola is obviously Coke. More people buy Coke than any other brand.
d. appeal to tradition
e. either-or
86. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
The mayor was reelected with a large majority and continues to have high popularity in the polls.
Clearly, then, he has the correct policy on police-community relations.
d. ad hominem
e. false cause
87. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
Everyone runs red lights when they’re in a hurry, so there’s no reason I shouldn’t do it, too.
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a. slippery slope
88. According to your textbook, a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from
the subject under discussion is called a
a. wild goose.
b. false deduction.
89. A red herring fallacy
a. assumes that because two things are related in time, they are causally linked.
90. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
How can you worry about cruelty to animals when spousal abuse occurs every day?
e. appeal to tradition
91. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
How can we be so concerned about shielding children in the United States from Internet
pornography when millions of children around the world continue to be sold into slavery every
year?
a. either-or
92. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
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Why should we worry about endangered animal species when thousands of people are killed in
automobile accidents each year?
a. either-or
93. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
Why should we be concerned about Siberian tigers becoming extinct when there are more and
more homeless people who need our support?
d. slippery slope
e. either-or
94. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
We are spending too much time talking about regulating the cable TV industry while other
countries are beating us in technological development.
a. slippery slope
95. The fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute is referred to
as
a. personification.
96. The ad hominem fallacy
d. all of the above.
e. b and c only.
97. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
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The mayor’s plan to turn the rundown section of the city into a park will never work. Don’t
forget that she was involved in a scandal last year.
a. false deduction
98. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
Councilman Stewart’s recommendations for a wind farm might work, but do you want to take
advice from a man who was caught cheating on his wife?
a. hasty generalization
99. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
Of course, Senator Davis opposes serious tax reform. Before going into politics, he was a
corporate lawyer who defended several companies that have since been implicated in unethical
financial dealings.
a. bandwagon
b. slippery slope
100. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
People who say Barbie dolls are bad for girls’ self-esteem are a bunch of liberal do-gooders who
don’t want anybody to have fun.
e. either-or
101. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
Representative Thompson’s school proposal may be first rate, but don’t forget that she never
attended college herself.
a. bandwagon
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102. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
Hannah makes a good argument in favor of providing economic benefits for same-sex couples,
but what else would you expect from someone who is openly gay?
a. invalid analogy
b. post hoc, ergo propter hoc
103. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
People who oppose the governor’s new welfare program are all a bunch of selfish rich people
who don’t have any concern for those less fortunate than themselves.
a. bandwagon
104. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
What does the mayor know about cutting down on crime? After all, he was accused of
shoplifting when he was in college.
a. post hoc, ergo propter hoc
105. As your textbook explains, the either-or fallacy is often referred to as a(n)
a. red herring.
106. An either-or fallacy
a. assumes that because two things are related in time, they are causally linked.
b. attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.
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107. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
We have only two choices. Either we agree to a 25 percent increase in the price of food in the
school cafeteria, or we’ll have to close the cafeteria for good.
a. circular generalization
108. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
We have only two choices. We can either adopt a year-round school system or raise a nation of
second-rate intellects.
a. appeal to novelty
109. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
You can either double the size of the police department or let criminals roam the streets.
a. circular deduction
110. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
Either we all sign organ donor cards or medical facilities will start cloning people just to sell
their body parts.
d. false principle
e. erroneous principle
111. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
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We must either support the governor’s plan to reduce spending on education or we will never be
able to balance the state budget.
d. invalid analogy
e. bandwagon
112. A slippery slope fallacy
d. forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.
e. assumes that because two things are related in time, they are causally linked.
113. According to your textbook, how can you avoid the slippery slope fallacy if you think that taking
a first step will lead to disastrous consequences?
a. Supplement your argument with strong emotional appeal.
b. Use vivid language when describing the consequences.
114. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
If we allow the government to restrict the sale of semiautomatic weapons, before we know it,
there will be a ban on ownership of handguns and even hunting rifles. And once our
constitutional right to bear arms has been compromised, the right of free speech will be the next
to go.
a. either-or
115. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
If you let the postal service eliminate Saturday delivery, then it’s only a matter of time until
there’s no mail delivery at all.
a. invalid analogy
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116. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
Once society recognizes same-sex marriages, all traditional values will be destroyed.
a. bandwagon
117. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
If we give students vouchers to attend private schools, it won’t be long until the entire public
school system is eliminated.
a. red herring
118. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
Once the city cuts back on trash pickup from twice a week to once a week, it’s only a matter of
time until we have to take all our trash to the dump ourselves.
a. either-or
119. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
If we allow the government to require healthy meals in school cafeterias, then it’s only a matter
of time before the government tells us everything we can and cannot eat.
e. red herring
120. What fallacy is exemplified by the following statement?
If we approve a construction permit for this home, the next thing you know other people will
want to build in our valley. Then they will pave new roads and put in gas stations and other
businesses. Before you know it, all of our beautiful land will be turned into a parking lot for a
giant shopping mall.
a. red herring
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121. The fallacy of appeal to tradition
d. makes comparisons with cases from history that aren’t essentially similar.
e. assumes that because something is popular, it is also good, correct, or desirable.
122. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
The Travelers Insurance Company has been in business since the Lincoln administration. That
tells you it has to be a top-notch insurance company.
a. invalid analogy
123. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
The university has been using the same admissions standards for the past 120 years. If they were
good enough 120 years ago, they are good enough today.
a. false example
b. slippery slope
124. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
The federal government has been using essentially the same methods to measure poverty since
1965. If those measures were appropriate then, they are appropriate now.
a. either-or
b. invalid analogy
125. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?