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Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Which is a key feature of the Toulmin model of making an argument?
a.
a warrant
b.
a major premise
c.
a call to action
d.
a fallacy
2. Stephen Toulmin’s model of argument contains a claim, evidence, and a warrant.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Which organizational pattern was specifically designed for making policy arguments?
a.
motivated sequence
b.
temporal
c.
topical
d.
cause and effect
4. Every student accepted into this college must have a high school diploma. Terrance has been accepted into
this college; therefore, he must have a high school diploma. This is an example of a(n):
a.
enthymeme.
b.
syllogism.
c.
claim.
d.
premise.
5. A speaker’s explicit statement about their central claim is their:
a.
premise.
b.
thesis.
c.
warrant.
d.
argument.
6. What is the unstated or missing part and, at the same time, the most important part of an argument?
a.
claim
b.
evidence
c.
premise
d.
warrant
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7. When using the motivated sequence, the speaker directly and explicitly asks the audience to do something to
effect change in which step?
a.
need
b.
satisfaction
c.
visualization
d.
action
8. Jeong is giving a speech using a problem-solution organizational pattern. Immediately after discussing the
problem, he may elaborate on:
a.
the causes of the problem.
b.
the opposing viewpoints.
c.
the ways his solution is superior to other solutions.
d.
how to visualize the outcome of his solution.
9. This statement appears in a speech that argues for organ donation: “Imagine that you are gone but your heart
continues to beat. Imagine that you are gone, but your eyes continue to see. You can dramatically improve as
many as five lives with one simple signature.” This statement would belong in which step of the motivated
sequence?
a.
need
b.
satisfaction
c.
visualization
d.
action
10. Speakers must be careful to avoid fallacies when speaking. Which of these patterns requires that speakers be
extra cautious of fallacious reasoning?
a.
problem-solution
b.
motivated sequence
c.
temporal
d.
comparative advantage
11. Which is an example of a deductive argument?
a.
Every pig I’ve ever seen has had a curly tail, so all pigs have curly tails.
b.
Pigs are mammals. Babe is a pig. Therefore, Babe is a mammal.
c.
Animal scientists confirm that not all pigs have curly tails.
d.
That animal has a curly tail; therefore, it must be a pig.
12. What is a fallacy?
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a.
a false statement made by mistake
b.
an error in reasoning
c.
a deliberate attempt to deceive using faulty reasoning
d.
a form of humor or deception that invalidates an argument
13. The problem that requires a solution is introduced in which step of the motivated sequence?
a.
attention
b.
visualization
c.
need
d.
action
14. A premise advances standards or rules with which to judge a claim.
a.
True
b.
False
15. In Monique’s persuasive speech advocating the abolition of the death penalty, she explains why three of the
major arguments in favor of the death penalty are invalid. Monique is using which organizational pattern?
a.
problem-solution
b.
comparative advantage
c.
refutation
d.
motivated sequence
16. When using the motivated sequence organization for a persuasive speech, what should the speaker do after
getting the audience’s attention?
a.
help the audience visualize an outcome
b.
demonstrate that there is a problem
c.
tell the audience what they need to do
d.
introduce a solution
17. What type of argument focuses on issues of uncertainty and therefore tends to be studied the most when
considering persuasive speaking?
a.
fact
b.
value
c.
policy
d.
emotional
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18. Which statement accurately describes the motivated sequence?
a.
It has three steps.
b.
It is based on the problem-solution pattern.
c.
It was designed for value claims.
d.
It was developed by Aristotle.
19. It is important that the speaker make remarks immediately relevant to the audience in which step of the
motivated sequence structure?
a.
attention
b.
need
c.
satisfaction
d.
visualization
20. Which step of Monroe’s motivated sequence corresponds to the problem stage in a problem-solution
speech?
a.
need
b.
satisfaction
c.
visualization
d.
action
21. Aaron is giving a persuasive speech advocating the abolition of the electoral college. Identify the step of the
motivated sequence that would include this statement: “Because of the electoral college, there have been five
presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote.”
a.
need
b.
satisfaction
c.
visualization
d.
action
22. The manager of a grocery store tells her employees, “I expect everyone to vote for me as Manager of the
Year. If you don’t plan to do that, turn in your name tag and consider this your last day.” What fallacy does this
illustrate?
a.
ad misericordiam
b.
ad populum
c.
ad baculum
d.
ad hominem
23. “Only people with children should pay school taxes. Sixty percent of people think so!” What fallacy is
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illustrated in this statement?
a.
ad populum
b.
bandwagon
c.
red herring
d.
non sequitur
24. The rules of reasoning are learned formally through education but also through observing everyday
conversations with others.
a.
True
b.
False
25. In her persuasive speech, Latasha tries to convince her class to establish good credit. At one point, she
shows her students a website where they can sign up to receive updates on any changes to their credit reports
and urges them to register. In which of the following stages of the motivated sequence organizational pattern
would she do this?
a.
need
b.
satisfaction
c.
visualization
d.
action
26. Both the refutation and the comparative advantage organizational patterns for persuasive speeches are prone
to the ad hominem fallacy.
a.
True
b.
False
27. Errol’s hamster, Buck, has a beating heart; therefore, Buck is alive. This type of argument is called a(n):
a.
enthymeme.
b.
syllogism.
c.
claim.
d.
premise.
28. Serena says to her boyfriend, “Barry, you ate my leftover chicken wings again.” Barry responds, “I made
extra spaghetti just last week, and you had some.” Which of the following fallacies is Barry engaging in?
a.
straw person
b.
ad hominem
c.
red herring
d.
either-or
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29. Identify the fallacy in this statement: “If we lose this contract, the company will have to close, and we’ll all
starve.”
a.
slippery slope
b.
straw person
c.
non sequitur
d.
either-or
30. “Congress should pass legislation to curb carbon emissions from livestock farms” is a claim of:
a.
definition.
b.
fact.
c.
value.
d.
policy.
31. Accountants are smart. Orlando is an accountant. Therefore, Orlando is smart. This is called a(n):
a.
enthymeme.
b.
syllogism.
c.
claim.
d.
premise.
32. Which of these involves the analytical study of reasoning processes and is frequently limited to the rigorous
examination of propositions and their meanings?
a.
formal logic
b.
informal logic
c.
argumentation
d.
appeals
33. Which step of the motivated sequence helps the audience imagine the outcome of the proposed solution?
a.
attention
b.
need
c.
satisfaction
d.
visualization
34. All claims are theses, but not all theses are claims.
a.
True
b.
False
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35. Petra’s mother says to her, “If you fail this class, you’ll flunk out of college, you’ll never get a job, and you’ll
end up living on the street.” This is an example of what fallacy?
a.
red herring
b.
straw person
c.
non sequitur
d.
slippery slope
36. Alan Monroe says that the magic of persuasion happens in which step of the motivated sequence?
a.
need
b.
satisfaction
c.
visualization
d.
action
37. Identify the claim of policy that can be inferred from this claim of value: “The death penalty is an inhumane
way to punish people who have been convicted of crimes.”
a.
The death penalty is ineffective.
b.
The death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment.
c.
The death penalty should be abolished.
d.
The death penalty is inefficient.
38.     “Rain is forecast for tomorrow” is a claim of:
a.
definition.
b.
fact.
c.
value.
d.
policy.
39. What is defined as the ability to make an inference or a judgment based on the evidence?
a.
persuasion
b.
negotiation
c.
argumentation
d.
reasoning
40. Which organizational pattern puts emphasis on the benefits of the speaker’s policy in comparison to the
alternatives but is based on a problem-solution structure?
a.
motivated sequence
b.
refutation
c.
comparative advantage
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d.
temporal
41. Identify the fallacy in this statement: “You must pass this chemistry class, or you will never graduate from
college.”
a.
red herring
b.
non sequitur
c.
slippery slope
d.
either-or
42. Speakers must be familiar with the rules of reasoning in order to persuade others.
a.
True
b.
False
43. Another word for warrant is:
a.
evidence.
b.
premise.
c.
reasoning.
d.
argument.
44. Which step of the motivated sequence corresponds to the solution stage in a problem-solution speech?
a.
need
b.
satisfaction
c.
visualization
d.
action
45. In which step of the motivated sequence does the speaker ask the audience to take an action, such as vote,
donate money or time, or make a life change?
a.
need
b.
satisfaction
c.
visualization
d.
action
46. Identify the fallacy in this statement: “We should deny Santos’s request to join the chess team. He has
tattoos!”
a.
ad hominem
b.
slippery slope
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c.
bandwagon
d.
straw person
47. Identify the fallacy in this statement: Ben, age sixteen, says to his father, “Why won’t you let us play on the
train tracks? You never want us to have any fun.”
a.
red herring
b.
ad populum
c.
straw person
d.
slippery slope
48. The most important part of any argument is the reasoning, also known as the warrant.
a.
True
b.
False
49. Most people from Western culture learn which organizational pattern without any formal training?
a.
topical
b.
comparative advantage
c.
refutation
d.
problem-solution
50. Identify the fallacy in this statement: “This town is more than six hundred years old; therefore, we have no
mayor.”
a.
red herring
b.
non sequitur
c.
either-or
d.
straw person
51. Which term refers to how people argue on an everyday basis by leaving some things unstated?
a.
formal logic
b.
informal logic
c.
argumentation
d.
fallacies
52. Speakers using which organizational pattern should reserve their time for arguing against only the strongest
claims against their position?
a.
problem-solution
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b.
refutation
c.
comparative advantage
d.
motivated sequence
53. Rather than being seen as a fight, an argument is better seen as a:
a.
conversation.
b.
competition.
c.
negotiation.
d.
contest.
54. In a persuasive speech that is advancing a value claim regarding free speech, the paradigm would be:
a.
the law.
b.
the U.S. Constitution.
c.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
d.
Monroe’s motivated sequence.
55. Emily’s great-grandfather says to his family, “If you want to stay in the will, you will attend my wedding.”
This is an example of the red-herring fallacy.
a.
True
b.
False
56. Informal logic is also called logical pragmatics.
a.
True
b.
False
57. Kaitlin says to her landlord, “I know we haven’t paid rent for three months, but if you evict us, where will
my kitten live?” Which fallacy does this illustrate?
a.
ad baculum
b.
ad misericordiam
c.
red herring
d.
straw person
58. A syllogism consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion drawn from those premises.
a.
True
b.
False
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59. The structure of reasoning is known as argumentation.
a.
True
b.
False
60. Identify the fallacy that this statement exemplifies: “Members of the jury, you can’t vote to send this woman
to prison. She has two young children who need their mother.”
a.
ad baculum
b.
ad misericordiam
c.
ad populum
d.
ad hominem
61. Which is an example of an inductive argument?
a.
Marcus is a pro hockey player; therefore, he has strong legs.
b.
All bachelors are unmarried. Jose is a bachelor. Therefore, Jose is unmarried.
c.
My dog loves carrots. My sister’s dog loves carrots. My friend’s dog loves carrots. Therefore, most
dogs love carrots.
d.
Sigrid is a mother; therefore, she worries.
62. In the body of Brodie’s persuasive speech, he will briefly review the negative health effects of artificial
sweeteners and then spend the bulk of his speech talking about why stevia is a better alternative to sugar than
three popular artificial sweeteners. Brodie is using which organizational pattern?
a.
refutation
b.
motivated sequence
c.
problem-solution
d.
comparative advantage
63. Which fallacy diverts an audience away from an issue to a person?
a.
ad baculum
b.
ad misericordiam
c.
ad populum
d.
ad hominem
64. Greta wants to wear her mother’s wedding dress for Halloween. Her mother says she may not wear it and
offers no explanation other than to say, “I am your mother, and I don’t have to explain myself.” Greta’s mother
response represents a(n):
a.
non sequitur fallacy.
b.
red herring fallacy.
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c.
appeal to authority.
d.
ad misericordiam fallacy.
65. The organizational patterns most commonly used with persuasive speeches of fact are temporal
(chronological) and:
a.
topical.
b.
problem-solution.
c.
cause and effect.
d.
refutation.
66. Which step of the motivated sequence introduces the speaker’s central policy claim?
a.
attention
b.
need
c.
satisfaction
d.
action
67. In the solution phase of the problem-solution organizational pattern, the speaker must explain not only their
policy for solving the problem but also the:
a.
reasons why their solution is better than any other.
b.
shortcomings of other solutions.
c.
details of implementation.
d.
reasons why it will work.
68. Which Greek word was used by early scholars of public speaking to refer to reasoning?
a.
logos
b.
ethos
c.
pathos
d.
mythos
69. The comparative advantage organizational pattern and the refutation organizational pattern are both
primarily defensive.
a.
True
b.
False
70. According to the Medical News Today website, polio is a highly infectious viral infection that can lead to
paralysis, breathing problems, or even death. This is a specific type of fact claim called a claim of:
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a.
expertise.
b.
testimony.
c.
evidence.
d.
definition.
71. Which fallacy must speakers be particularly careful to avoid when using the refutation and comparative
advantage organizational patterns?
a.
ad populum
b.
red herring
c.
ad hominem
d.
straw person
72. What is an underlying reason that allows the bandwagon fallacy to work?
a.
It is an appeal to authority.
b.
It distracts the audience from the real issue.
c.
It exploits people’s emotions, specifically pity.
d.
It plays on people’s fear of missing out.
73. Monroe’s motivated sequence is based on what other organizational speech pattern?
a.
temporal (chronological)
b.
problem-solution
c.
cause and effect
d.
comparative advantage
74. A claim that human trafficking is at an all-time high in the United States, supported by statistics from
credible sources, would belong in which step of the motivated sequence in a persuasive speech that urges
audience members to join a national organization devoted to eliminating human trafficking?
a.
need
b.
satisfaction
c.
visualization
d.
action
75. The speaker attempts to move an audience to accept their position by responding to opposing claims when
using which organizational pattern?
a.
problem-solution
b.
motivated sequence
c.
refutation
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d.
temporal
76. Monroe’s motivated sequence is a way to order a policy speech based on audience psychology.
a.
True
b.
False
77. Debates and similar speaking situations commonly use which organizational pattern?
a.
problem-solution
b.
motivated sequence
c.
refutation
d.
comparative advantage
78. The comparative advantage organizational pattern is a good choice if the audience already accepts that there
is a problem.
a.
True
b.
False
79. Which type of claim asserts that something has happened, is happening, or will happen, or asserts that
something is true?
a.
claim of definition
b.
claim of fact
c.
claim of value
d.
claim of policy
80. A claim, some evidence, and reasoning linking the two is required to be considered a true:
a.
premise.
b.
argument.
c.
negotiation.
d.
conversation.
81. Identify the step of the motivated sequence where this statement would belong in a persuasive speech
arguing for mandatory minimum prison sentences: “If you agree with me that mandatory minimum sentences
should be the law in our state, please sign the petition located on the website listed in my handout.”
a.
need
b.
satisfaction
c.
visualization
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d.
action
82. The attorneys’ opening and closing statements in a courtroom trial are examples of:
a.
arguments.
b.
evidence.
c.
warrants.
d.
premises.
83. Many of the more elaborate persuasive speech organizational patterns are based on the topical pattern.
a.
True
b.
False
84. Persuasion results from the audience filling in the blanks of what the speaker didn’t say.
a.
True
b.
False
85. Omar is presenting a persuasive speech to convince his classmates to begin their retirement investing early
in life. He begins with a projection of how much income they will require to live comfortably in retirement.
Then he talks about the fact that very few Americans, and even fewer young people, have saved anything for
retirement. He proposes that everyone in the class begin to put a small amount of money in a retirement account
every month. He then asks them to imagine their lives after retirement with this money saved. Finally, he
describes the process of opening a retirement account and urges them to do this without delay. Which of the
following organizational patterns is Omar using?
a.
problem-solution
b.
refutation
c.
comparative advantage
d.
motivated sequence
86. The motivated sequence would be an acceptable organizational pattern for Tanya’s persuasive speech based
on this claim: “Human cloning is unethical.”
a.
True
b.
False
87. Which organizational pattern is MOST prone to fallacious reasoning?
a.
refutation
b.
cause and effect
c.
problem-solution
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d.
motivated sequence
88. Deductive arguments reason from general to specific.
a.
True
b.
False
89. Persuasive arguments of what type almost always imply a policy argument?
a.
fact
b.
definition
c.
value
d.
need
90. “Marco is a professional soccer player; therefore, he is paid well” is an example of an enthymeme.
a.
True
b.
False
91. When Phillip, who is from the United States, argues with his girlfriend Neila, who is from Iraq, they both
think the other is illogical. From this, we can conclude that people naturally and intuitively know the rules of
reasoning.
a.
True
b.
False
92. Catherine is arguing that the federal minimum wage should be increased. Identify the step of the motivated
sequence where she would include this statement in her speech: “Congress should vote to raise the federal
minimum wage to $15 per hour.”
a.
need
b.
satisfaction
c.
visualization
d.
action
93. Everyday arguments are enthymematic because they depend on:
a.
major and minor premises.
b.
claims and evidence.
c.
warrants.
d.
unstated premises.
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94. Which step of the motivated sequence is MOST likely to contain vivid imagery, anecdotes, and stories?
a.
need
b.
satisfaction
c.
visualization
d.
action
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