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1.
The _____ fallacy is best illustrated by the phrase “Because I said so.”
A)
red herring
B)
ad populum
C)
appeal to authority
D)
straw-person
2.
The Greek word _____ was used by early scholars of public speaking to refer to
reasoning.
A)
logos
B)
ethos
C)
pathos
D)
mythos
3.
A true _____ includes a claim, some evidence, and reasoning linking the two.
A)
premise
B)
argument
C)
negotiation
D)
conversation
4.
_____ is defined as the ability to make an inference or a judgment based on the
evidence.
A)
Persuasion
B)
Negotiation
C)
Argumentation
D)
Reasoning
5.
An argument is better seen as a _____ than a fight.
A)
conversation
B)
competition
C)
negotiation
D)
contest
6.
The attorneys’ opening and closing statements in a courtroom trial are examples of
A)
arguments.
B)
evidence.
C)
warrants.
D)
premises.
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7.
Which is an example of an inductive argument?
A)
Marcus is a pro hockey player; therefore, he has strong legs.
B)
All bachelors are unmarried. Jose is a bachelor. Therefore, Jose is unmarried.
C)
My dog loves carrots. My sister’s dog loves carrots. My friend’s dog loves carrots.
Therefore, most dogs love carrots.
D)
Sigrid is a mother; therefore, she worries.
8.
Everyday arguments are enthymematic because they depend on
A)
major and minor premises.
B)
unstated premises.
C)
claims and evidence.
D)
warrants.
9.
Which is an example of a deductive argument?
A)
Every pig I’ve ever seen has had a curly tail, so all pigs have curly tails.
B)
Pigs are mammals. Babe is a pig. Therefore, Babe is a mammal.
C)
Animal scientists confirm that not all pigs have curly tails.
D)
That animal has a curly tail; therefore, it must be a pig.
10.
_____ concern(s) the study of how people argue on an everyday basis by leaving some
things unstated.
A)
Formal logic
B)
Informal logic
C)
Argumentation
D)
Fallacies
11.
_____ is an analytical study of reasoning processes and is frequently limited to the
rigorous examination of propositions and their meanings.
A)
Formal logic
B)
Informal logic
C)
Argumentation
D)
Logic
12.
Every student accepted into this college must have a high school diploma. Terrance has
been accepted into this college; therefore, he must have a high school diploma. This is
an example of
A)
an enthymeme.
B)
a syllogism.
C)
a claim.
D)
a premise.
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13.
Accountants are smart. Orlando is an accountant. Therefore, Orlando is smart. This is
called
A)
an enthymeme.
B)
a syllogism.
C)
a claim.
D)
a premise.
14.
Errol’s hamster, Buck, has a beating heart; therefore, Buck is alive. This type of
argument is called
A)
an enthymeme.
B)
a syllogism.
C)
a claim.
D)
a premise.
15.
Which type of claim asserts that something has happened, is happening, or will happen
or asserts that something is true?
A)
definition
B)
fact
C)
value
D)
policy
16.
“Rain is forecast for tomorrow” is a claim of
A)
definition.
B)
fact.
C)
value.
D)
policy.
17.
“Congress should pass legislation to curb carbon emissions from livestock farms” is a
claim of
A)
definition.
B)
fact.
C)
value.
D)
policy.
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18.
For Stephen Toulmin, the _____ is the unstated or missing part and, at the same time,
the most important part of an argument.
A)
claim
B)
evidence
C)
premise
D)
warrant
19.
Another word for warrant is
A)
evidence.
B)
premise.
C)
reasoning.
D)
argument.
20.
An explicit statement about your central claim is called your
A)
premise.
B)
thesis.
C)
warrant.
D)
argument.
21.
According to the Medical News Today website, polio is a highly infectious viral
infection that can lead to paralysis, breathing problems, or even death. This is a specific
type of fact claim called a claim of
A)
expertise.
B)
definition.
C)
testimony.
D)
evidence.
22.
How is the Toulmin model different from the traditional model of argument?
A)
It is horizontal.
B)
It has more components.
C)
It is more logically sound.
D)
It has premises.
23.
Identify the claim of policy that can be inferred from this claim of value: “The death
penalty is an inhumane way to punish people who have been convicted of crimes.”
A)
The death penalty is ineffective.
B)
The death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment.
C)
The death penalty should be abolished.
D)
The death penalty is inefficient.
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24.
A fallacy is defined as
A)
a fallacious statement made by mistake.
B)
an error in reasoning.
C)
a deliberate attempt to deceive using faulty reasoning.
D)
a form of humor or deception that invalidates an argument.
25.
Which fallacy diverts an audience away from an issue to a person?
A)
ad baculum
B)
ad misericordiam
C)
ad populum
D)
ad hominem
26.
Identify the fallacy that this statement exemplifies: “Members of the jury, you can’t vote
to send this woman to prison. She has two young children who need their mother.”
A)
ad baculum
B)
ad misericordiam
C)
ad populum
D)
ad hominem
27.
Identify the fallacy in this statement: “If we lose this contract, the company will have to
close, and we’ll all starve.”
A)
slippery slope
B)
straw person
C)
non sequitur
D)
either-or
28.
Serena says to her boyfriend, “Barry, you ate my leftover chicken wings again.” Barry
responds, “Serena, you looked lovely at dinner last night.” Which of the following
fallacies is Barry engaging in?
A)
straw person
B)
ad hominem
C)
red herring
D)
either-or
29.
Identify the fallacy in this statement: “This town is more than six hundred years old;
therefore, we have no mayor.”
A)
red herring
B)
non sequitur
C)
either-or
D)
straw person
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30.
Identify the fallacy in this statement: “You must pass this chemistry class, or you will
never graduate from college.”
A)
red herring
B)
non sequitur
C)
slippery slope
D)
either-or
31.
Identify the fallacy in this statement: Ben, age sixteen, says to his father, “Why won’t
you let us play on the train tracks? You never want us to have any fun.”
A)
red herring
B)
ad populum
C)
straw person
D)
slippery slope
32.
Ingrid wants to wear her mother’s wedding dress for Halloween. Ingrid’s mother says
she may not wear it and offers no explanation, other than to say, “I am your mother, and
I don’t have to explain myself.” What fallacy does this illustrate?
A)
non sequitur
B)
red herring
C)
appeal to authority
D)
ad misericordiam
33.
A magazine features several pages of photos of celebrities wearing the same style of
shoe. Which type of fallacy does this imply?
A)
either-or
B)
red herring
C)
straw person
D)
bandwagon
34.
At one time most people believed the earth to be flat. What fallacy did this illustrate?
A)
ad populum
B)
bandwagon
C)
red herring
D)
non sequitur
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35.
The manager of a grocery store tells her employees, “I expect everyone to vote for me
as Manager of the Year. If you don’t plan to do that, turn in your name tag, and consider
this your last day.” What fallacy does this illustrate?
A)
ad misericordiam
B)
ad baculum
C)
ad populum
D)
ad hominem
36.
Petra’s mother says to her, “If you flunk out of college, you’ll never get a job, and you’ll
end up living on the street.” This is an example of the _____ fallacy.
A)
red herring
B)
straw-person
C)
non sequitur
D)
slippery slope
37.
Kaitlin says to her landlord, “I know we haven’t paid rent for three months, but if you
evict us, where will my kitten live?” Which fallacy does this illustrate?
A)
ad baculum
B)
ad misericordiam
C)
red herring
D)
straw person
38.
Identify the fallacy in this statement: “We should deny Santos’s request to join the chess
team. He has tattoos!”
A)
ad hominem
B)
slippery slope
C)
bandwagon
D)
straw person
39.
The organizational patterns most commonly used with persuasive speeches of fact are
temporal (chronological) and
A)
topical.
B)
problem-solution.
C)
cause-effect.
D)
refutation.
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40.
Persuasive arguments of _____ almost always imply a policy argument.
A)
fact
B)
definition
C)
value
D)
need
41.
In a persuasive speech that is advancing a value claim regarding free speech, the
paradigm would be
A)
the law.
B)
the U.S. Constitution.
C)
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
D)
Monroe’s motivated sequence.
42.
_____ arguments focus on issues of uncertainty, so they tend to be studied the most
when considering persuasive speaking.
A)
Fact
B)
Value
C)
Policy
D)
Emotional
43.
_____ can be used to think about how best to compose the need step of the motivated
sequence.
A)
Common sense
B)
Maslow’s hierarchy
C)
Paradigms
D)
Visualization
44.
Alan Monroe says the magic of persuasion happens in the _____ step of the motivated
sequence.
A)
need
B)
satisfaction
C)
visualization
D)
action
45.
The _____ step of the motivated sequence helps the audience imagine the outcome of
the proposed solution.
A)
attention
B)
need
C)
satisfaction
D)
visualization
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46.
The _____ step of the motivated sequence introduces your central policy claim.
A)
attention
B)
need
C)
satisfaction
D)
action
47.
The problem that requires a solution is introduced in the _____ step of the motivated
sequence.
A)
attention
B)
need
C)
visualization
D)
action
48.
In the _____ step of the motivated sequence, you directly and explicitly ask the
audience to do something to effect change.
A)
need
B)
satisfaction
C)
visualization
D)
action
49.
The _____ organizational pattern was specifically designed for making policy
arguments.
A)
motivated sequence
B)
temporal
C)
topical
D)
cause and effect
50.
Aaron is giving a persuasive speech advocating the abolition of the electoral college.
Identify the step of the motivated sequence that would include this statement: “Because
of the electoral college, there have been five presidential elections in which the winner
lost the popular vote.”
A)
need
B)
satisfaction
C)
visualization
D)
action
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51.
Catherine is arguing that the federal minimum wage should be increased. Identify the
step of the motivated sequence where she would she include this statement in her
speech: “Congress should vote to raise the federal minimum wage to $15 per hour.”
A)
need
B)
satisfaction
C)
visualization
D)
action
52.
Identify the step of the motivated sequence where this statement would belong in a
persuasive speech arguing for mandatory minimum prison sentences: “If you agree with
me that mandatory minimum sentences should be the law in our state, please sign the
petition located on the website listed in my handout.”
A)
need
B)
satisfaction
C)
visualization
D)
action
53.
A claim that human trafficking is at an all-time high in the United States, supported by
statistics from credible sources, would belong in the _____ step of the motivated
sequence in a persuasive speech that urges audience members to join a national
organization devoted to eliminating human trafficking.
A)
need
B)
satisfaction
C)
visualization
D)
action
54.
In a speech that argues for organ donation, this statement would belong in the _____
step of the motivated sequence: “Imagine that you are gone but your heart continues to
beat. Imagine that you are gone, but your eyes continue to see. You can dramatically
improve as many as five lives with one simple signature.”
A)
need
B)
satisfaction
C)
visualization
D)
action
55.
Monroe’s motivated sequence is based on the _____ pattern, a more widely used
structure.
A)
temporal (chronological)
B)
problem-solution
C)
refutation
D)
comparative advantage
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56.
The _____ step of Monroe’s motivated sequence corresponds to the problem stage in a
problem-solution speech.
A)
need
B)
satisfaction
C)
visualization
D)
action
57.
The _____ step of the motivated sequence corresponds to the solution stage in a
problem-solution speech.
A)
need
B)
satisfaction
C)
visualization
D)
action
58.
In the _____ step of the motivated sequence, you make your remarks immediately
relevant to the audience.
A)
attention
B)
need
C)
satisfaction
D)
visualization
59.
In the _____ step of the motivated sequence, the audience may be asked to vote, donate
money or time, or make a life change.
A)
need
B)
satisfaction
C)
visualization
D)
action
60.
The _____ step of the motivated sequence is most likely to contain vivid imagery,
anecdotes, and stories.
A)
need
B)
satisfaction
C)
visualization
D)
action
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61.
Omar is presenting a persuasive speech to convince his classmates to begin their
retirement investing early in life. He begins with a projection of how much income they
will require to live comfortably in retirement. Then he talks about the fact that very few
Americans, and even fewer young people, have saved anything for retirement. He
proposes that everyone in the class begin to put a small amount of money in a retirement
account every month. He then asks them to imagine their lives after retirement with this
money saved. Finally, he describes the process of opening a retirement account and
urges them to do this without delay. Which of the following organizational patterns is
Omar using?
A)
problem-solution
B)
motivated sequence
C)
refutation
D)
comparative advantage
62.
In her persuasive speech, Latasha tries to convince her class to establish good credit. At
one point, she shows her students a website where they can sign up to receive updates
on any changes to their credit reports and urges them to register. In which of the
following stages of the motivated sequence organizational pattern would she do this?
A)
need
B)
satisfaction
C)
visualization
D)
action
63.
Which statement accurately describes the motivated sequence?
A)
It has three steps.
B)
It is based on the problem-solution pattern.
C)
It was designed for value claims.
D)
It was developed by a Harvard professor.
64.
Jeong is giving a speech using a problem-solution organizational pattern. Immediately
after discussing the problem, he may elaborate on
A)
causes of the problem.
B)
the opposing viewpoints.
C)
the ways your solution is superior to other solutions.
D)
visualization of the outcome of your solution.
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65.
As members of Western culture, most of us learn the _____ organizational pattern
without any formal training.
A)
topical
B)
comparative advantage
C)
refutation
D)
problem-solution
66.
In the solution phase of the problem-solution organizational pattern, you must explain
not only your policy for solving the problem but also the
A)
reasons why your solution is better than others.
B)
shortcomings of other solutions.
C)
details of implementation.
D)
reasons why it will work.
67.
The speaker attempts to move an audience to accept his or her position by responding to
opposing claims when using the _____ organizational pattern.
A)
problem-solution
B)
motivated sequence
C)
refutation
D)
comparative advantage
68.
Debates and similar agonistic speaking situations commonly use the _____
organizational pattern.
A)
problem-solution
B)
motivated sequence
C)
refutation
D)
comparative advantage
69.
The _____ organizational pattern is most prone to fallacious reasoning.
A)
refutation
B)
comparative advantage
C)
problem-solution
D)
motivated sequence
70.
When using the _____ organizational pattern, you should reserve your time for arguing
against only the strongest claims against your position.
A)
problem-solution
B)
refutation
C)
comparative advantage
D)
motivated sequence
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71.
In Monique’s persuasive speech advocating the abolition of the death penalty, she
explains why three of the major arguments in favor of the death penalty are invalid.
Monique is using the _____ organizational pattern.
A)
problem-solution
B)
comparative advantage
C)
refutation
D)
motivated sequence
72.
In the body of Brodie’s persuasive speech, he will briefly review the negative health
effects of artificial sweeteners and then spend the bulk of his speech talking about why
stevia is a better alternative to sugar than three popular artificial sweeteners. Brodie is
using the _____ organizational pattern.
A)
refutation
B)
motivated sequence
C)
problem-solution
D)
comparative advantage
73.
The refutation organizational pattern is the most prone to fallacious reasoning, but you
must also be extra careful to avoid fallacies when using the _____ pattern.
A)
problem-solution
B)
motivated sequence
C)
temporal
D)
comparative advantage
74.
The _____ organizational pattern puts emphasis on the benefits of your policy in
comparison to the alternatives, but it is based on a problem-solution structure.
A)
motivated sequence
B)
refutation
C)
comparative advantage
D)
temporal
75.
Which fallacy must you be particularly careful to avoid when using the refutation and
comparative advantage organizational patterns?
A)
ad populum
B)
red herring
C)
ad hominem
D)
straw person
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76.
A premise advances standards or rules with which to judge a claim.
A)
True
B)
False
77.
The structure of reasoning is known as argumentation.
A)
True
B)
False
78.
Speakers must be familiar with the rules of reasoning in order to persuade others.
A)
True
B)
False
79.
We learn the rules of reasoning formally through education but also through observing
everyday conversations in our culture.
A)
True
B)
False
80.
Monroe’s motivated sequence is a way to order a policy speech based on audience
psychology.
A)
True
B)
False
81.
Many of the more elaborate persuasive speech organizational patterns are based on the
topical pattern.
A)
True
B)
False
82.
The comparative advantage organizational pattern is a good choice if your audience
already accepts there is a problem.
A)
True
B)
False
83.
The comparative advantage organizational pattern and the refutation organizational
pattern are both primarily defensive.
A)
True
B)
False
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84.
When Phillip, who is from the United States, argues with his girlfriend Neila, who is
from Iraq, they both think the other is illogical. From this, we can conclude that people
naturally and intuitively know the rules of reasoning.
A)
True
B)
False
85.
Informal logic is also called logical pragmatics.
A)
True
B)
False
86.
Deductive arguments reason from general to specific.
A)
True
B)
False
87.
“Marco is a professional soccer player; therefore, he is paid well” is an example of an
enthymeme.
A)
True
B)
False
88.
All claims are theses, but not all theses are claims.
A)
True
B)
False
89.
The most important part of any argument is the reasoning, also known as the warrant.
A)
True
B)
False
90.
Stephen Toulmin’s model of argument contains a claim, evidence, and a warrant.
A)
True
B)
False
91.
Emily’s great-grandfather says to his family, “If you want to stay in the will, you will
attend my wedding.” This is an example of the red herring fallacy.
A)
True
B)
False
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92.
The motivated sequence would be an acceptable organizational pattern for Tanya’s
persuasive speech based on this claim: “Human cloning is unethical.”
A)
True
B)
False
93.
Alan H. Monroe said the magic of persuasion occurs in the visualization step of his
motivated sequence.
A)
True
B)
False
94.
Both the refutation and the comparative advantage organizational patterns for persuasive
speeches are prone to the ad hominem fallacy.
A)
True
B)
False
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