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Instructor Resource Manual and Test Bank for Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology, 9th
edition by Andersen/Hill-Collins
PART IV: AN INTERSECTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR CHANGE: FROM THE
LOCAL TO THE GLOBAL Margaret Andersen and Patricia Hill Collins
57. “Multicultural Training Intervention to Address American Indian Stereotypes,” Jesse
A. Steinfeldt and Matthew Clint Steinfeldt
This article approaches the topic of American Indian stereotypes, specifically in the realm of
sports, from a counseling and training perspective. Beginning with an illustration of the topic:
applying stereotypes of other races, religions, and ethnicities into a sports context, the authors
present their program for increasing sensitivity and awareness to this growing issue. The process
begins with multicultural awareness into multicultural knowledge, in which the reasons why
American Indian imagery is problematic compared to others. Using the Minnesota Vikings as a
point of comparison, the difference is shown to be that the Vikings do not represent a currently
existing group (unlike American Indian tribes), and that other stereotypes do not fully represent
an ethnicity, unlike the broad application of American Indian stereotypes. Finally, ways to
develop skills in social justice and understanding these situations in other contexts are provided.
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. What group did Steinfeldt use as an example to show how Native Americans are often
portrayed?
a. Catholics
b. Jews
c. Muslims
d. Hindus
2. When did the American Counseling Association (ACA) officially condemn the use of Native
American mascots?
a. 1989
b. 1992
c. 1998
d. 2001
3. In the training program presented by Steinfeldt and Steinfeldt, what is the first portion?
a. presenting how it would sound to caricature other racial and ethnic groups
b. a vignette of what a Native American student would experience on a daily basis
c. examples of how other culturally stereotyped groups (such as Vikings) are portrayed much
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more often as Norwegians, rather than Vikings
d. an overview of activist programs seeking to change this problem
4. Why is it seen that a sports team such as the Minnesota Vikings have an acceptable name
while the Cleveland Indians do not
a. Vikings were a European people
b. Vikings are people from the past, so the perception is not of modern Norwegians and
Scandinavians
c. Scandinavian people overwhelmingly support using the name
d. The name Minnesota Vikings is also problematic
Essay and Discussion Questions:
1. What is the argument used to support imagery such as for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, but
not appropriate for the Cleveland Indians
2. What are the reasons given that one sports teamed named for an ethnic group, the Minnesota
Vikings, can be acceptable but one such as the Cleveland Indians is not?
3. In what ways are Native Americans at a disadvantage when it comes to being used as sports
mascots?
Internet Sites and Questions for Further Discussion:
58. “Growing Food and Justice: Dismantling Racism through Systainable Food Systems,”
Alfonso Morales
Morales’ piece centers on a specific program: the Growing Food and Justice for All Initiative
(GFJI), but as a whole addresses the issues of racism and classism as it relates to food. He traces
the pattern that, over the past 50 years, supermarkets have consolidated from smaller
neighborhood markets into larger, massive spaces that tend to be centered mostly in higher
profit, higher socioeconomic status areas. One of these consequences is that the smaller
neighborhood markets that are left in lower income areas have a more limited supply of
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healthier, fresh food items, and that they are priced higher than their suburban counterparts.
GFJI is an organization that promotes sustainable agricultural and community food security
organizations to help urban neighborhoods become more self-sufficient and able to access
healthier foods than what is provided at other supermarkets.
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Why are many Americans, especially low income and of color, described as being
overweight but malnourished?
a. poor decision making
b. the affordability and availability of processed, less nutritional foods
c. cultural preferences for certain cuisines
d. none of these choices are correct
2. In 1914, there were _____ grocery stores per square mile in the United States?
a. 12
b. 25
c. 40
d. 50
3. According to Eisenhaur, “supermarket redlining is”
a. corporations avoiding low-profit areas
b. constantly increasing the physical size of their stores
c. building multiple stores in close proximity to each other
d. constantly changing the items they sell
4. Research finds that there are ____ times as many grocery stores in predominantly White
areas when compared to predominantly Black ones
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
5. The Growing Food and Injustice for All initiative, discussed by Alfonso Morales, is
headquartered in
a. Los Angeles
b. New York City
c. Milwaukee
d. Chicago
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Essay and Discussion Questions:
1. What reasons are given as to why White neighborhoods have so many more supermarkets
when compared to largely minority inhabited areas?
2. What is the relationship between Morales between poor health and lack of grocery stores in
largely poor and minority inhabited neighborhoods?
3. What is the main goal of the Growing Food and Justice for All initiative? How does it
function?
4. Is the Growing Food and Justice for All Initiative racialized? Why or why not?
Internet Sites and Questions for Further Discussion:
Explore the Growing Food and Justice for All’s website. Did Morales provide an accurate
description of the program based upon what they present? Discuss their plans and effectiveness.
View the website for a similar program, JustFood. Does their approach look consistent with
what you know about GFJI’s program?
59. “The Intersectional Paradigm and Alternative Visions to Stopping Domestic Violence:
What Poor women, Women of Color, and Immigrant Women Are Teaching Us About
Violence in the Family,” Natalie J. Sokoloff
Sokoloff’s work studies the problem of domestic violence from an intersectional perspective. By
doing this, she challenges the notion that gender inequality is the only primary force driving the
problem. The approach has two distinct objectives: giving voices to battered women, as well as
addressing socially structured inequalities that feed into the problem. One of her major critiques
is that the often-supported “colorblind” approach to domestic violence (specifically in that it cuts
through all races, ethnicities, and socioeconomic statuses), it prevents larger social structural
problems that feed into the problem from being recognized and addressed. As an example of
this, research shows that controlling for economics, African American women are less likely to
experience domestic violence, and that neighborhood factors (less collective efficacy) is a more
significant determining factor than race is. The tendency to approach cases of domestic violence
as part of a different cultural perspective (such as honor killings), also minimizes the perceptions
of domestic violence with persons of color. Finally, community based programs are outlined that
seek to prevent these issues through structural change are examined.
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Sokoloff’s argument about intersectionality in domestic violence is that ____ is NOT the
primary factor to explain it
a. socioeconomic status
b. gender inequality
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c. racial inequality
d. none of these are the primary factor
2. To study domestic violence from an intersectional perspective, Solokoff argues that
researchers must focus on a
a. multicultural perspective
b. structural perspective
c. both multicultural and structural perspectives
d. none of these choices are correct
3. Research shows that Black women are _________ than White women to be battered when
controlling for income and marital status.
a. less
b. more
c. significantly more
d. about the same
4. Which is a more effective predictor of domestic violence according to research?
a. race or ethnicity
b. age
c. neighborhood factors
d. education
5. The relationship between race and intimate partner violence can be described as
a. Highly correlated
b. Race acting as a proxy measure for neighborhood/environment
c. Race acting as a proxy measure for family
d. Inversely correlated
6. On average, how many attempts have been found that it usually takes for a woman to leave
an abusive relationship?
a. 3
b. 5
c. 7
d. 9
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7. For family violence to be fully understood in marginalized groups, it must be
a. contextualized
b. examined
c. synthesized
d. dismissed
Essay and Discussion Questions:
1. What is Richie’s argument that the emphasis on the colorblind nature of domestic violence is
doing a disservice to the problem? Do you agree or disagree?
2. What is the theorized relationship between collective efficacy and domestic violence? How
are the two intertwined?
3. What are the structural barriers faced by women of color when it comes to seeking
intervention in a violent relationship?
4. In what ways historically have Whites blamed minorities for domestic violence within their
relationships?
5. Explain the ways that women of color have been disadvantaged when responding to domestic
violence. Why is the situation different when compared to White women?
6. What are the consequences faced by women, regardless of color, when trying to leave a
violent relationship?
7. Choose and describe one of the community based programs described by Sokoloff’s article
for helping victims of domestic violence. How do they address the larger structural issues
associated with the crime?
Internet Sites and Questions for Further Discussion:
Read the following website on the issue of intersectionality and relationship violence. Do you
believe the community-based programs discussed by Sokoloff would be able to address the
wider variety of issues presented here?
60. “Movement Intersectionality: The Case of Race, Gender, Disability, and Genetic
Technologies,” Dorothy Roberts and Sujatha Jesudason
Multiple Choice Questions:
Roberts and Jesudason shift the issue of intersectionality to examine issues of genetics and
reproductive technologies. They do this by examining the work of Generations Ahead, a social
justice organization that protects human rights as related to reproductive justice. Their
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perspective is that differences between people should be acknowledged and respected, not to
separate but to recognize the heterogeneity that exists in society amongst marginalized groups.
The concern that reproductive technologies, as well as genetic screenings, may be implemented
in ways that punish some groups more than others, such as the perception of Black and Latina
women as being hypersexual and hyperfertile. They conclude that reproductive autonomy
should apply to anyone looking to have children, including children who may have disabilities.
Policy advocacy should also be focused upon providing support to all women, families, and
communities, and not argue about when life begins or who can become a parent.
1. Since its inception, intersectionality has been applied to
a. theory
b. empirical research
c. activism
d. all of these choices are correct
2. According to Roberts and Jesudason, people looking to build coalitions must ________
differences amongst them
a. transcend
b. surpass
c. confront
d. contextualize
3. According to Crenshaw, as cited in Roberts and Jesudason, the ___________ of examining
discrimination erases the experience of some groups
a. single axis
b. double axis
c. intersectional
d. intrasectional
4. Intersectional frameworks benefit from understanding ___________, which is not the same
as __________
a. sameness, commonalities
b. commonalities, sameness
c. differences, dichotomies
d. dichotomies, differences
5. Analyzing commonalities amongst oppressed groups can reveal
a. what groups should ally together
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b. what groups have more power
c. what ways structures of oppression are linked
d. all of these choices are correct
6. What new addition does Roberts and Jesudason make to the categories of intersectionality
that are discussed?
a. race
b. disability
c. gender
d. reproductive justice
Essay and Discussion Questions:
1. According to Roberts and Jesudason, how could the feminist movement benefit by
examining differences in women?
2. Historically, have the movements for race and disability been allied with each other? Why or
why not?
3. How have race, gender, and disability been connected with perceptions of reproductive rights
in the United States?
4. Summarize the work of Generations Ahead. What are they adding to the knowledge base of
intersectionality, and what do they seek to raise awareness of?
Internet Sites and Questions for Further Discussion:
Visit the following two websites regarding Planned Parenthood, an organization that has always
been controversial but has recently come under fire. The first is their website, the second is one
that examines and attacks the organization’s previous racist and eugenicist heritage. Do you
61. “Globalization and Its (Mal)econtents: The Gendered Moral and Political Economy of
Terrorism,” Michael S. Kimmel
This article by Michael S. Kimmel examines the heavily gendered nature of terrorist groups of
varying locations and ideologies. The role of globalization and its associated egalitarianism is
cited as a major motivator for American right wing extremist groups such as White Aryan
Resistance. Leaders create and spread propaganda to target disenfranchised young males who
feel their opportunities have been restricted by the growth of immigration and women entering
the workforce. According to them, this is perpetrated both by the feminist emasculation of men,
and the control of the Jews. This emphasis on anti-Semitism and masculinity is seen in
Scandinavian extremist groups as well, with the addition of a fear of homosexuality growing to
undermine masculinity. The attention shifts to Al Qaida and the Taliban, Islamic extremists who
recruit significantly amongst young men who have dwindling career opportunities. The rigid
gender politics of the Taliban are theorized to be the result of women entering the workforce and
to counteract they use a literal interpretation of the Quran to remasculinize men (hence the
mandatory growth of beards), and the refeminization of women (removing them from the public
sphere). The so-called “mastermind” of the 9/11 hijackings, Mohammad Atta, is presented as a
man who failed at attaining employment, which was more disturbing to him next to his sisters,
one of whom is a professor and the other a doctor, and thus attracted to this fundamentalism as a
way to counteract his shortcomings.
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. According to Kimmel, the impact of global political and economic restructuring is greatest
on
a. men
b. women
c. men and women equally
d. children
2. According to Kimmel, the ideological resource utilized by political extremist and racist
organizations is
a. masculinity
b. femininity
c. socialism
d. intersectionality
3. Extremist groups utilize masculinity in all but which of the following ways
a. as a rhetorical device to problematize those they are opposed to
b. to attract females who are disenfranchised to join
c. to understand and explicate their plight
d. as a recruitment tool to attract young men in similar situations
4. According to the rhetoric of far right organizations, the public weakening of patriarchal
structures is, at its core, the work of
a. Blacks
b. women
c. Muslims
d. Jews
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5. The group that White supremacists paint as both hypo- and hypersexual is
a. Jews
b. Blacks
c. gay men
d. Muslims
6. Which of the following groups is NOT a Scandinavian hate group?
a. Posse Comitatus
b. Bootboys
c. Green Jacket Movement
d. National Front
7. Connell calls the seemingly contradictory pairing of stereotypical male norms and an
untraditional respect for women seen amongst extremist groups as
a. intersectional masculinity
b. protest masculinity
c. conflict masculinity
d. extremist groups hold traditional views towards women
8. What similarities have been observed between members of Al Qaeda and the White hate
groups in both the United States and Scandinavia?
a. age of members
b. social standing of members
c. availability of social mobility for members
d. all of these choices are correct
9. Which of the following groups are seen as having the most rigid of gender politics?
a. Taliban
b. White Aryan Resistance
c. Al Qaeda
d. National Front
10. What is, according to Kimmel, a symbol of masculinity that is heavily utilized by the
Taliban?
a. formal dress
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b. beards
c. attending religious ceremonies
d. display of firearms
Essay and Discussion Questions:
1. What effect has the globalization movement had on right wing terrorist groups in the United
States?
2. Describe the contradictory views right wing and militia groups have towards the American
government.
3. According to Kimmel, what role has masculinity played in the sustaining and expansion of
right wing terrorist groups in the United States?
4. What commonalities are seen between groups such as White Aryan Resistance and Al
Qaeda? Where do they differ?
5. What role does Kimmel argue that masculinity had on motivating Mohammad Atta, one of
the 9/11 hijackers?
6. Describe the role gender plays in the Taliban. What are their perspectives on gender norms?
7. In Kimmel’s article, what role does gender and sexuality play in the right wing perspective of
minority groups?
8. What similarities and differences are observed between American and Scandinavian right
wing groups?
Internet Sites and Questions for Further Discussion:
Recent mass shootings in the United States, such as Elliot Rodger in California, have been
perpetrated by young males who cited at least part of their motive for being that of revenge
against what they saw as mistreatment by women, echoing Kimmel’s article, but not as an
organized ideology. Do you think there is a trend of misogyny related terrorism growing? Why
do you think this is the case?
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62. “Intersectionality in a Transnational World,” Bandana Purkayastha
Purkayastha reexamines the nature of intersectionality in an ever-growing world, one connected
by the availability of mass transit, as well as the technological connections of the Internet. These
developments are painted in both a positive and negative light. For the positives it allows for
people leaving their homelands to still retain the support of family and religious affiliations via
information that can be found online and advanced forms of communication such as video
conferencing. This can help to reduce the negative influences of intersectionality, racism, and
prejudice in their local community. The negative side of this, however, has become the blurring
of lines between foreign and national surveillance, which puts people regardless of location
under the eye of the government and other agencies, increasing fears of persecution.
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. These are composed of tangible and virtual social spaces that exist both through and beyond
single nation-states
a. cyberstates
b. transnational spaces
c. virtual reality
d. virtual states
2. Which of the following is a way transnational spaces can help reduce the effects of
discrimination and intersectionality?
a. maintaining familial contact and using that support to minimize the effect of racism
b. attending religious services via the Internet when a local community is not available
c. retaining an identity by maintaining a social role in their home country while living in
another
d. all of these choices are correct
Essay Questions:
1. What are the ways in which the development of transnational spaces can have a negative
effect on individuals?
2. What benefits do transnational spaces provide to immigrants isolated in new countries of
residence? Give examples of how they work.
3. In what ways can transnational spaces increase, rather than reduce, marginalization?
4. What is the effect on race of transnational spaces, according to Purkayastha? What will be
the consequences of these potential changes?
Internet Sites and Questions for Further Discussion:
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The following article examines some of the fragmentation that has happened regarding
intersectionality and feminism via social media. Mostly based upon the fact that it allows
significant in-fighting and blaming amongst a heterogeneous population linked under a single
element (in this case gender). Do you believe this is an inevitable downside to transnational