62. Using power as a dimension, the countries of the world can be divided economically into three levels. Those with
the most power are the _____.
a. core countries
b. peripheral countries
c. semiperipheral countries
d. cornerstone nations
63. Using power as a dimension, the countries of the world can be stratified on three levels. The countries that
comprise a kind of middle class in this stratification system are the _____.
a. core countries
b. peripheral countries
c. semiperipheral countries
d. hybrid countries
64. Using power as a basis of stratification, those that control and profit most from the world system are the _____.
a. core countries
b. peripheral countries
c. semiperipheral countries
d. hybrid countries
65. Which of these statements about peripheral countries is false?
a. They are the largely agricultural countries
b. They lack natural resources
c. They are often politically unstable
d. They exercise little world power
66. During its early years of nationhood Brazil declared itself a “racial democracy.” What was the effect of this?
a. Brazil does not have any racial problems, unlike other South American countries.
b. People continue to be stratified according to their color.
c. Separate parliaments exist for each of the several designated racial categories.
d. Most of the leaders of Brazil have been Afro-Brazilian.
67. According to _____, poverty results from adherence to traditional values and customs.
a. modernization theory
b. dependency theory
c. world systems theory
d. social exchange theory
68. Conceptually, modernization theory is an outgrowth of _____ theory.
a. conflict
b. functionalist
c. symbolic interactionist
d. social control
69. According to _____ theory, countries remain poor when traditional customs and kin relations discourage
individual achievement.
a. dependency
b. modernization
c. world system
d. social exchange
70. Modernization derives some of its thinking from the work of _____ who argued that the value of individual
achievement emphasized by Protestants promoted economic development during the Industrial Revolution.
a. Emile Durkheim
b. Herbert Spencer
c. Max Weber
d. Karl Marx
71. While it does not apply in every case, modernization theory does help explain how ______ became successful
through an emphasis on a national work ethic.
a. Brazil
b. Japan
c. the United States
d. Indonesia
72. Which of these is not a criticism of modernization theory presented in the text?
a. It is based on the assumption that wealthier countries like the U.S. have superior values.
b. It ignores factors that are outside of the control of the poorer nations.
c. It places too great an emphasis on the role of government in influencing economic development.
d. It does not take into account the relationships that exist among countries.
73. According to _____, poverty results from the dependence of low-income countries on wealthy nations.
a. modernization theory
b. dependency theory
c. world systems theory
d. social exchange theory
74. According to dependency theory, under colonialism European powers
a. promoted the development of their colonies as a way of increasing profits.
b. helped colonies to improve the production of their goods in order to sell them on the global market.
c. kept colonies underdeveloped to avoid competition from them.
d. fostered the political independence of colonies so they could protect colonial investment.
75. According to dependency theory, today’s global system of inequality originated
a. with the emergency of agricultural societies.
b. in the 1600s as European countries began to industrialize.
c. in the 1850s as the U.S. began to industrialize.
d. at the end of World War II (1945).
76. _____ is a system by which Western nations became wealthy by taking raw materials from colonized societies
and reaping profits from products finished in the homeland.
a. Profiteering
b. Colonialism
c. Imperial dependency
d. Royal exploit
77. Colonization worked best for the industrial countries when the colonies
a. were economically developed and producing their own goods for market.
b. were given substantial autonomy making social and political decisions.
c. had large educated the populations.
d. kept underdeveloped so that they would not compete with the home country.
78. Which of these statements about colonialism is false?
a. Colonialism began as early as the 1600s.
b. Much of Africa, Asia, and the Americas was colonized.
c. All colonial powers were western European countries.
d. Colonialism came to an end soon after WWII.
79. The control of poor countries by rich countries without the use of direct political or military involvement is
referred to as ______.
a. neocolonialism
b. postmodernism
c. postdependency
d. neoimperialism
80. Which of these is not generally characteristic of multinational corporations?
a. They conduct business across national borders.
b. They buy materials and manufacture goods wherever it is cheapest.
c. They have executives from each country in which they conduct business.
d. They sell their products wherever they can make the highest profits.
81. ______ are examples of former colonies that have achieved economic success.
a. Ethiopia and Somalia
b. Singapore and Hong Kong
c. France and Great Britain
d. Japan and China
82. ______ theory explains global inequality using the characteristics of individual nations; ______ theory argues no
country or set of countries may be understood in isolation from the others.
a. Dependency / modernization
b. World systems / modernization
c. Modernization / world systems
d. Modernization / dependency
83. The belief that poverty is the result of core nations extracting labor and natural resources from peripheral nations
is central to _____.
a. modernization theory
b. dependency theory
c. world systems theory
d. social exchange theory
84. World systems theory focuses on
a. internal factors in individual countries.
b. patterns of migration and other population issues.
c. the belief that there is a world economic system that must be understood as a single unit.
d. neocolonial relationships between individual countries and their former colonizers.
85. According to _____, social change leads to an international division of labor that benefits the few who receive
profits, while exploiting those in the poorest and least powerful nations.
a. modernization theory
b. dependency theory
c. world systems theory
d. social exchange theory
86. A new addition to World Systems Theory is a focus on _____ which explains how differential profits are
attached to the production of goods and services in the world market.
a. the neo-Marxists
b. the new international division of labor
c. differential association
d. public policy
87. Within world systems theory, the term for the network of production and labor processes by which a product
becomes a finished commodity is ______.
a. commodity chain
b. manufacturing model
c. division of labor
d. product development route
88. The term “transnational” refers to
a. people who immigrate to another country seeking a better life.
b. factories that are shipped to other countries where labor is cheaper.
c. individuals who divide their time between countries, or families with members in different countries.
d. refugees in camps waiting to return to their homes.
89. Which of these is not a criticism of world systems theory?
a. Countries (like England) that were once the most powerful are no longer at the center of the world system.
b. Core nations may be hurt by the world system through the loss of jobs.
c. The world is no longer a set of economic interconnections between nations.
d. Not everyone in a core nation benefits from the world system.
90. Which of these statements about the world economic system is true?
a. Everyone in core countries benefits from the world system.
b. Low-wage sweat shops are found in all countries.
c. No one in peripheral countries benefit from the world system.
d. World systems theory no longer has any usefulness for understanding global inequality.
91. The _____ refers to the number of live births a woman will have over her lifetime at the current rate in her
country.
a. total fertility rate
b. fecundity rate
c. total growth rate
d. composite growth rate
92. Which of these is a problem for countries with high birthrates?
a. Competition among adults over custody of the younger generation
b. Strains on public services such as schools and hospitals
c. A lack of workers and the need to import labor
d. A low death rate
93. Which of these statements best describes the relationship between population growth and economic
development?
a. It is clear that large populations have a negative impact on development.
b. The relationship between population growth and development is consistent across all countries.
c. The cases of China, India, and the U.S. indicate that high birth rates do not necessarily prevent
development.
d. Population size effects development, but development has no impact on population size.
94. Most scholars of international development believe
a. that fertility levels are affected by levels of industrialization.
b. that there is no relationship between development and population.
c. that large populations impede development.
d. that agriculture affects fertility but industrialism does not.
95. Which of these is most likely to be a problem for low-income countries?
a. Lack of a labor supply
b. Infant death due to dehydration
c. Overproduction of greenhouse gas
d. An aging population
96.
More than 700 million people in 43 different countries are experiencing what the World Bank calls _____.
a. “Waterinequality”
b. “waterdwindle”
c. “waterstress”
d. “watertrouble”
97. Which of the following statements regarding education and literacy is false?
a. In high-income nations, education is almost universal.
b. In nations without education, people have little chance for success.
c. In most nations throughout the world elementary school is mandatory.
d. In low-income countries education takes place outside of formal schooling.