99. The central focus of _____ is: positive functions contribute to unity and stability of the organization.
a. functionalist theory
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interaction theory
d. social exchange theory
100. “Hierarchy can result in dysfunction.” This is a criticism of:
a. functionalist theory
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interaction theory
d. social exchange theory
101. The theory of organization that sees participation in an organization as a means of self-actualization is a type of
_____.
a. functionalist theory
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interaction theory
d. social exchange theory
102. The fact that women and minorities, as well as members of lower social classes, are not treated equally within
bureaucracies is focus of _____.
a. functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interaction theory
d. social exchange theory
103. Which perspective is most likely to focus on the fact that individuals experience stress and alienation as a result of
being subordinated within a formal organization?
a. Functionalist theory
b. Conflict theory
c. Symbolic interaction theory
d. Feminist theory
104. The focus on how the individual loses their sense of self and is overwhelmed by bureaucracy reflects which
perspective?
a. Functionalist theory
b. Conflict theory
c. Symbolic interaction theory
d. Feminist theory
105. The behavior of groups is predictable for sociologists.
a. True
b. False
106. According to sociologists, any set of people who occupy the same space at the same time is considered a group.
a. True
b. False
107. Social categories and audiences are examples of social gatherings that are not groups in the strict sense.
a. True
b. False
108. A triad is more stable than a dyad.
a. True
b. False
109. Secondary groups sometimes take on characteristics of primary groups.
a. True
b. False
110. Reference groups, by definition, are groups to which one belongs.
a. True
b. False
111. Secondary groups become intimate over time.
a. True
b. False
112. Identification with a reference group really has little impact on one’s self-esteem.
a. True
b. False
113. When John links a behavior of a person from the Middle East to their skin color he is disproving the idea of an
attribution error.
a. True
b. False
114. People tend to judge members of in-groups and out-groups by the same standards.
a. True
b. False
115. Job networks are most often made up of similar backgrounds.
a. True
b. False
116. Social media has increased the number of face to face interactions people experience.
a. True
b. False
117. Networks of White political and religious leaders tend to be more closely bonded than those of Black political
and religious leaders.
a. True
b. False
118. Most people vote with the same political party and have the same religious beliefs as do their parents.
a. True
b. False
119.
The results of Asch’s experiments on the effects of group pressure on perception have been replicated with
the same results, with diverse populations.
a. True
b. False
120. In Milgram’s studies of obedience to authority, more than half of the volunteer subjects went “all the way.”
a. True
b. False
121. There is a great deal of difference between what people say they would do and what they actually do.
a. True
b. False
122. Asch’s experiments are examples of groupthink.
a. True
b. False
123. The most important idea in the studies on groupthink and risk is that individuals will act without identifying with a
group.
a. True
b. False
124. People with a great deal of power or money are much less vulnerable to groupthink than others.
a. True
b. False
125. The greater the number of people in a group, the greater the tendency toward deindividuation.
a. True
b. False
126. When people are from a culture that stresses caution over taking chances, being a member of a group
overcomes cultural background and the group will take much greater risks.
a. True
b. False
127. Utilitarian organizations are always for-profit organizations.
a. True
b. False
128. The theory of McDonaldization is only useful for understanding the fast food and other service industries.
a. True
b. False
129. Alienation is only a problem in occupations involving manual labor and factory production.
a. True
b. False
130. The structure of bureaucracy is designed to reduce the influence of socio-emotional relations and interactions and
maximize instrumental interaction.
a. True
b. False
131. All aspects of bureaucratic organizations are impersonal and dehumanizing.
a. True
b. False
132. Most disparities between Whites and members of minority groups in terms of promotion rates and leadership
positions have largely disappeared.
a. True
b. False
133. When people from significantly different social class backgrounds have the same levels of education, the chances
of them being promoted are equal.
a. True
b. False
134.
When applied to social organizations symbolic interaction theory focuses on the influence the organization has
on one’s self-identity.
a. True
b. False
135. Explain the difference between microanalysis and macroanalysis when applied to the study of groups and
organizations.
136. Define and explain the differences between Charles Horton Cooley’s concepts of primary and secondary groups.
137. Define instrumental needs and expressive needs; explain which types of groups are most likely to meet these
different types of needs.
138. Explain how networks have contributed to making it a “small world,” and the findings of small-world researchers.
139. Define social network and describe how they develop. Describe a benefit of social networks for the individual.
140. Explain how the treatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib matches the conclusions of Milgram’s experiment.
141. Explain what a formal organization is. Describe two types and give an example of each.
142. Explain Charles Page’s concept of “bureaucracy’s other face” and the functions that it fulfills.
143. Define organizational ritualism; give an example of an event that resulted as a consequence of organizational
ritualism.
144. Briefly describe how symbolic interaction theory applies to social organizations.
145. Explain how group size affects group dynamics.
146. Define in-groups and out-groups; explain attribution theory as it applies to in-groups and out-groups. List and
describe at least two of the dimensions of attribution error presented in the text.
147. Explain the phenomenon of groupthink and the conditions that make it most likely to occur. Name at least two
historical events that took place as a result of groupthink.
148. Explain why a formal organization is an example of macroanalysis.
149. Explain how your college or university fits the definition of a bureaucracy.
150. Discuss how McDonaldization has come to dominate American lifestyles.
151. Identify an example of McDonaldization (other than a fast food restaurant) and explain how it fits the definition of
McDonaldization.
152. Explain and give an example of attribution theory.
153. Compare functionalist and conflict approaches to formal organization. Give examples of each.