Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Chapter 4: Early Childhood
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. In early childhood, the two hemispheres of the brain begin to operate slightly
differently, which allows for a wider range of activity. This is known as the ______.
A. lateralization process
B. developmental process
C. verticalization process
D. preconventional process
2. A child who is able to jump rope demonstrates ______ skills.
A. developmental motor
B. fine motor
C. physical motor
D. gross motor
3. Scribbling, cutting with scissors, and printing one’s name are all examples of ______
skills.
A. developmental motor
B. fine motor
C. physical motor
D. gross motor
4. Sam (5-year-old) smells chicken at his grandmother’s house and comments that she
must be having a party. She indicates that she is not, but Sam thinks another party is
going to occur because the last time he smelled chicken she had a party. This incident
reflects what kind of reasoning?
A. transductive reasoning
B. egocentrism reasoning
C. preconceptual reasoning
D. intuitive reasoning
5. Jack (4-year-old) believes that it is his fault that his father left the family. This incident
reflects what kind of reasoning?
A. transductive reasoning
B. egocentrism reasoning
C. preconceptual reasoning
D. intuitive reasoning
6. The ______ approach posits that parents should be consistent in their responses to
their children’s behavior.
A. cognitive developmental approach
B. behavioral developmental approach
C. social learning approach
D. psychodynamic approach
7. Kohlberg’s model speaks to which moral development approach?
A. cognitive developmental
B. behavioral developmental
C. social learning
D. psychodynamic
Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
8. In Kohlberg’s model, the ______ stage suggests that moral reasoning is based on
whether behavior is rewarded or punished.
A. postconventional
B. conventional
C. preconventional
D. conventional evolution
9. Terri and Ron are fighting over who gets to play with the new train station. Which type
of aggression is this?
A. relational aggression
B. physical aggression
C. hostile aggression
D. instrumental aggression
10. David purposefully hits Sam with a stick during playtime. This is an example of
______ aggression.
A. relational
B. forceful
C. hostile
D. instrumental
11. Which of the following statements best describes friendship to young children?
A. Friends are people you talk to every day.
B. A friend is someone you play with.
C. Friends are like family.
D. A friend is someone you can trust.
12. Research studies have shown that the largest difference between boys and girls is
______.
A. aggression
B. self-esteem
C. moral development
D. friendship styles
13. Ron is pretending to be a monster and chase his little brother around the house.
Which type of play is this?
A. learning play
B. sociodramatic play
C. symbolic play
D. instrumental play
14. Play allows children to explore reality, ______, and ______.
A. explore reality; gain control
B. get physical exercise; overcome fears
C. build friendships; grow attached to their fathers
D. have shared experiences; develop cognitively
15. Sally, Corey, and Todd are playing house. Sally pretends to be the mother, Corey is
the dad, and Todd is their dog. They pretend to play at the local park. Which type of
play is this?
A. learning play
B. sociodramatic play
C. symbolic play
D. instrumental play
16. Whenever Jack gets in trouble from his parents, they are cold and harsh and
sometimes spank him. Which type of parenting style is this?
A. permissive
B. authoritative
C. logical
D. authoritarian
17. ______ parents set firm limits but are warm and nurturing.
A. Permissive
B. Authoritative
C. Logical
D. Authoritarian
18. Early childhood, preschool age, and early school age are all names of a period of
development that includes what age range?
A. 3–9 years old
B. 3–6 years old
C. 2–5 years old
D. 6–8 years old
Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
19. According to the text, the most important aspect of the preoperational stage (ages
2–3) is ______.
A. development of symbolic representation
B. abstract thinking
C. logical sequencing
D. reasoning
20. Which of the following findings supports early childhood education?
A. Early education provides opportunities for moral development.
B. Children are more engaged in playtime.
C. Parents stress levels are reduced.
D. Early childhood education saves societies significant amounts of money over time.
21. According to the text, which of the following statements is true about parents and
grandparents who both participate in childcare?
A. Parents resent how big of an influence grandparents can have on their child’s well–
being.
B. Grandparents see parents as the ultimate authority over the child’s diet.
C. Grandmothers are usually more involved.
D. They disagree about disciplinary styles.
22. The ability to understand another person’s emotional condition is ______.
A. empathy
B. imaginative play
C. perspective taking
D. intuition
23. According to the text, the important themes of development during early childhood
include ______.
A. self-regulation, numeracy, and literacy
B. self-esteem, agency, and literacy
C. self-direction, agency, self-management, and self-regulation
D. self-efficacy, self-direction, and intelligence
24. The main remedy for developmentally delayed children is ______.
A. therapy
B. a nurturing parent style
C. specialized childcare facilities
D. social skill development
25. When Jack eats a dozen cookies and gets sick, his parents laugh and say, “I guess
you will learn.” Which type of parenting style is this?
A. permissive
B. authoritative
C. logical
D. authoritarian
Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
True/False
1. Physical growth significantly speeds up in toddlers ranging from 3 to 6 years of age.
2. Early childhood education has benefits for both the participating generation and the
second generation.
3. Tantrums are usually a sign that a child has difficulty regulating their emotions.
4. Cognitive development includes language development because it is the mechanism
by which cognitive interpretations are communicated to others.
5. According to Erikson, the stage of emotional development during the early childhood
years is called initiative versus guilt.
6. Hostile aggression in young children occurs while fighting over toys and space.
7. Young children with insecure working models may gravitate more toward peer
relations.
8. A child’s increasing understanding of the self in relation to the world eventually
becomes organized into a self-theory.
9. Parents and grandparents do not generally agree on which foods are healthy.
10. It has been suggested that children experience negative effects from divorce
because of the parents’ responses to divorce rather than of the divorce itself.
Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Essay
1. Discuss the concept of early childhood education. How can early education influence
the development of protective factors and decrease potential risk in children?
2. Discuss the three types of parenting styles. Include in your discussion how children in
general might respond and include examples from the case study on Terri. How might
the socioeconomic environment affect parenting style?
3. Discuss social development issues in early childhood. Include in the discussion
issues surrounding peer relations, self-concept, gender identity, and racial and ethnic
identity. Why is it important for children to have social competence? How might Jack’s
social competence be impacted by the divorce of his mother and father?
4. Discuss moral development in early childhood. Include in your discussion Piaget’s
stages of cognitive development and three theoretical approaches. Discuss how parents
can help children develop morally?
5. Discuss the risks associated with healthy development in early childhood. Include in
your discussion the factors of poverty, ineffective discipline, divorce, and violence. What
are some protective factors that can promote resiliency in the face of apparent risks?