1. The case of Genie, a girl who was isolated for most of her childhood, illustrates that
a. human beings need social contact for normal development.
b. the human genome project will be able to create humans.
c. human development is possible without socialization.
d. society does not play an important role in human development.
2. Genie was studied intensively by scientists primarily interested in
a. how physical attractiveness affects personality.
b. language acquisition and the psychological effects of extreme confinement.
c. how age chronology affects one’s social development.
d. how the human genome affects personality development.
3. _____ are the expected behavior associated with a given status in society.
a. Roles
b. Norms
c. Folkways
d. Values
4. Which of the following is true of socialization?
a. The socialization experience differs for individuals based on their social factors.
b. The process of socialization is exclusively considered psychological.
c. Through socialization, genetics determine behaviors.
d. Personality is the basis for socialization.
5. Through the process of socialization, we do all of the following except
a. learn the customs, habits, and practices of one’s society.
b. develop our identity.
c. form our individual personality.
d. express genetic traits.
6. Marcus and Taylor have learned their expected behaviors so well that they no longer question them. This is an
example of _____.
a. internalization
b. socialization
c. role confusion
d. conformity
7. Social scientists debate whether humanness is naturally occurring or socially created. This is called the _____
debate.
a. inherent–innate
b. internal–external
c. nature–nurture
d. sociology–biology
8. Mary is discussing her feelings about her country. Her consistent pattern of feelings toward her country is part of
her _____.
a. personality
b. identity
c. nature
d. innate beliefs
9.
Sociologists note that the way society is organized and people’s lives within it are the result of social definitions
and processes. In other words, sociologists state that our lives are socially _____.
a. static
b. differentiated
c. constructed
d. interactive
10. In regard to the “nature versus nurture” debate, sociologists would tend to emphasize _____.
a. nature
b. nurture
c. both
d. neither
11. From a sociological perspective, what a person becomes
a. is a result of innate traits.
b. emerges throughout life.
c. results from social experiences.
d. is mainly genetic.
12. A student being intellectually gifted in math is an example of _____.
a. an innate trait
b. a social experience
c. a combination of nature and nurture
d. social control
13. Most sociologists would probably agree that in the “nature versus nurture” debate,
a. nature is more important than nurture in the development of humanness.
b. neither is more important.
c. human development is the result of the interaction of natural and social influences.
d. nurture seems to be the ultimate determinant of human nature.
14. To say that not only do people live in society, but society also lives in people, is to recognize socialization as a
form of _____.
a. social control
b. nature
c. innate knowledge
d. conformity
15. In sociology, the process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with
dominant social expectations is called _____.
a. criminalization
b. socialization
c. social control
d. punishments
16. Which of the following is not an evidence that socialization serves as a form of social control?
a. Learned beliefs and the expectations of others are enough to keep most people in line.
b. A person experiences pressure when they deviate from what others believe.
c. Internalizing social norms causes most people to conform without the use of coercion or violence.
d. Social control eliminates individuality.
17. According to sociologists, when men engage in risky behaviors, they often are the victims of _____.
a. innate behavior
b. socialization based on gender
c. reactive socialization
d. low self-worth
18. Which of the following is false in regard to socialization and conformity?
a. All people are unique to some degree.
b. Conformity to social expectations eliminates individuality.
c. People resist some of society’s expectations.
d. Most people do conform to varying degrees.
19. How is socialization related to conformity?
a. Some people conform too much as a result of socialization.
b. Most people need to be coerced into conformity because socialization is incomplete.
c. It is only the threat of some type of punishment that makes people conform to social norms.
d. People do not respond to the subtle influence of social pressure to conform, even after years of
socialization.
20. How do most sociologists view conformity?
a. Socialization causes humans to passively conform to social norms.
b. Even after socialization it is very difficult to get most people to conform.
c. It is possible for some people to conform too much.
d. Conformity ends when it leads people to enter into potentially dangerous behaviors.
21. Bob is reflecting on how he experienced socialization. He is thinking about his _____.
a. innate experiences
b. self-concept
c. nature
d. personality
22. One consequence of socialization is that it makes people bearers of culture. Put another way,:
a. Socialization is passed on through genes.
b. Socialization makeslittledifferenceinpeople’slives.
c. Socialization creates the tendency to act in socially unacceptable ways.
d. Socialization creates culture and is also created by culture.
23. Which of these is not generally viewed as a consequence of socialization?
a. People have the capacity for seeing oneself through the perspective of another.
b. People have the ability to understand the ways in which they are socialized.
c. People have a tendency to act in socially acceptable ways.
d. People are bearers of culture.
24. According to Pryor, John H., et al. 2011, men are likely to rate themselves as _____ than women.
a. more cooperative
b. more spiritual
c. more self-confident
d. better writers
25. Socialization agents are those who pass on social expectations. According to the text,
a. social institutions are socialization agents in adulthood only.
b. people are not socialization agents.
c. everyone is potentially a socializing agent.
d. it is impossible to identify the true socialization agents in society.
26. Which of the following is true about the family as an agent of socialization?
a. The family is rarely a person’s first source of socialization.
b. In today’s world, parents have a very minor role in the development of their child’s identity.
c. Not all families socialize children in the same way or into the same expectations.
d. The media is a more important source of gender socialization than the family.
27. The difference in how American and Japanese mothers talk to their children demonstrates that
a. socialization practices reflect what is important in a particular culture.
b. not all cultures practice socialization at home.
c. patterns of socialization are the same throughout the world.
d. across cultures, how mothers speak to their children is remarkably similar.
28. Which of the following has increased its influence on our socialization?
a. The family
b. The mass media
c. Peer groups
d. Education
29. When Johnny experiences an agent of socialization providing social approval and support, the agent is most likely
his _____.
a. family
b. peer group
c. religious community
d. school
30. Sports are a good example of the power of socialization in _____.
a. organized settings
b. areas of social control
c. our everyday lives
d. formal organizations
31. Which of the following is true about peers as agents of socialization?
a. Peer cultures for young people often take the form of cliques.
b. Peers are much less important than other agents of socialization.
c. Peer culture is more important for adults than it is for adolescents.
d. Peer culture is limited to the teen years.
32. Religion is a powerful socialization agent. What is the impact of religion during one’s childhood?
a. Religious instruction is important to the identities children construct in their childhood.
b. Children typically develop very different belief systems than those of their parents.
c. Regardless of how they are raised, children tend to grow away from their earliest religious training.
d. Children are likely to not understand religion until they are adults.
33. Which of the following is true of religious socialization?
a. Religious instruction contributes greatly to the identities children construct for themselves.
b. Children tend to develop the same religious beliefs as their parents .
c. Higher religiosity is connected to sexist views, especially among men.
d. All of these are true of religious socialization.
34. Sociologists have found that religious beliefs are taught by parents to their children. Which of the following is a
probable outcome of this type of religious socialization?
a. Children tend to develop the same religious beliefs as their parents.
b. Children develop their own religious beliefs, based on their own spiritual experiences.
c. Children often adopt the religious beliefs of their peers.
d. Children’sreligiousbeliefsaremostinfluencedbythemassmedia.
35. As agents of socialization, sports
a. are more important sources of identity for men than women.
b. are where many ideas about gender differences are formed and reinforced.
c. have historically been significant in the formation of women’s identity.
d. have been less significant in the development of masculine identity than was previously believed.
36. Michael Messner’s research on men and sports shows that
a. sports are often the context for developing relationships between fathers and sons.
b. most men strive for a professional sporting career.
c. for most men their closest peer relationships are within sports.
d. sports are more influential for men than for boys.
37. Current research on women in sports has found that women athletes
a. have low self-esteem when they compare themselves to male athletes.
b. develop a strong sense of bodily competence.
c. have difficulty bonding with other women.
d. are considered more feminine than other women.
38. Research on education in the U.S. implies that
a. the expectations encountered in schools are much the same for most students.
b. studying socialization in schools is an excellent way to see the influence of gender, class, and race in
shaping socialization.
c. girls receive more attention in the curriculum than boys.
d. even when boys and girls are segregated into different groups, the sociological consequences are the
same.
39. Sociologists use the term _____ to refer to the subtle messages about social roles that are conveyed through
classroom interaction and classroom materials.
a. self-fulfilling prophecy
b. tracking system
c. hidden curriculum
d. unequal discourse
40. Psychoanalytic theories of socialization are based on the work of Sigmund Freud, whose contribution related to the
a. looking-glass self.
b. I and the Me.
c. idea that the unconscious mind shapes human behavior.
d. need for psychoanalysis for everyone to discover their true self.
41. Which of the following statements regarding Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is false?
a. The superego is about the standards of society and morality .
b. The ego is about reason and common sense .
c. The id is about impulses.
d. The unconscious is independent of the superego and the id.
42. According to Freud, The psychoanalytic perspective interprets human identity as ________ at an early age in a
processgreatlyinfluencedbyone’sfamily.
a. underdeveloped
b. highly fluid
c. relatively fixed
d. immature.
43. According to the theory of socialization called _______, if Betty receives positive reinforcement, she will likely
repeat a behavior.
a. psychoanalysis
b. social learning
c. functionalism
d. conflict
44. The difference between social learning theory and psychoanalytic theory is that the social learning theory:
a. sees human identity as indeterminate.
b. interprets human identity as a social process occurring late in life.
c. interprets human identity as a social process occurring early in life.
d. sees identity as a learned response to external social stimuli.
45. Psychoanalytic theory argues that
a. human identity changes at different stages throughout our lives.
b. social identity is the result of a conscious and creative process.
c. human behavior is shaped by the unconscious mind.
d. the self is an extension of the social standards of society, not instinctual influences.
46. How do psychoanalytic theory and social learning theory differ from each other?
a. Psychoanalytic theory is more focused on human development than social learning theory.
b. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the unconscious mind, whereas social learning theory sees identity as a
learned response to external stimuli.
c. Psychoanalytic theory places more importance on social context than social learning theory.
d. Psychoanalytical theory focuses more on problematic behavior, whereas social learning theory highlights the
functioning of the unconscious mind.
47. Which of the following theories focuses on the external stimuli?
a. Social learning theory
b. Psychoanalytic theory
c. Symbolic interaction theory
d. Object relations theory
48. The central feature of social learning theory is that
a. learning is simple.
b. individuals are resistant to learning.
c. learning and imagination are both important.
d. children can progress through separate stages of the learning process.
49. Social learning theory views identity as
a. the result of shaping oneself in response to the expectations of others.
b. the result of the struggle with the unconscious.
c. the product of genetics.
d. the product of “I and the Me.“
50. Which of the following statements best describes social learning theory?
a. people are passive creatures who merely responded to stimuli in their environment.
b. behaviors and attitudes develop in response to reinforcement and encouragement from those around us.
c. the importance of schema is overemphasized in theories of socialization.
d. there are really no distinctive stages of cognitive development.
51. Which theory of socialization sees identity as a product of different opportunities for different groups?
a. Conflict theory
b. Functionalism
c. Symbolic interactionism
d. Social learning theory
52. According to the text, working-class parents socialize children to :
a. focus on problem-solving.
b. focus on creativity.
c. show constraint, not ask for extra help, and simply work harder.
d. reach out to teachers, ask for extra help, giving them a sense of entitlement about what kind of education
they deserve.
53. Which theory of socialization does John reflect if he believes he should conform to the roles and values of society?
a. Conflict theory
b. Symbolic interactionism
c. Social learning theory
d. Functionalism
54. According to _____, society maintains its stability through socialization.
a. symbolic interactionism
b. social learning theory
c. functionalism
d. conflict theory
55. According to _____ theory, society relies upon conformity to maintain stability and social equilibrium.
a. psychoanalytic
b. functional
c. social learning
d. object relations
56. According to the perspective of _____ theory, the internalization of societal values in the process of socialization is
important because it reinforces social consensus.
a. conflict
b. functional
c. social learning
d. symbolic interaction
57. ______ theory isinterestedinhowsocialinequalityaffectsthedevelopmentofanindividual’sidentity.
a. Psychoanalytic
b. Functional
c. Conflict
d. Symbolic interaction
58. Although the process of socialization promotes conformity, individuals are also shaped by resistance to oppression.
This is an argument of _____ theory.
a. conflict
b. functional
c. social learning
d. symbolic interaction
59.
Albert likes to pretend he is Spiderman, but he cannot understand how to engage in team sports. Albert is likely to
be in which of the following Mead’s stages?
a. imitation
b. play
c. game
d. the generalized other
60. Which of these statements is false from the perspective of symbolic interaction theory?
a. The self is what we imagine we are.
b. Humans make conscious choices in response to their social environment.
c. Identity is something unconscious and hidden from view.
d. Social roles are real because people give meaning to them.