61. Which theorist used the concept of the looking–glass self to explain how the self emerges in interaction with others?
a. Charles Horton Cooley
b. George Herbert Mead
c. Sigmund Freud
d. Jean Piaget
62. From a symbolic-interactionist perspective, the key to the development of self is _____.
a. our instinctual drives
b. the reflective process
c. childhood relations with the same-sex parent
d. the effect of the division of labor on identity formation
63. Which of the following is not part of the process of the looking–glass self?
a. We develop our identity apart from social interaction.
b. We consider how we think we appear to others.
c. We consider how we think others judge us.
d. How we think others perceive us affect how we feel.
64. According to Charles Horton Cooley, in seeing ourselves as others do we
a. respond to our subconscious need for approval.
b. imitate the play of others.
c. respond to the expectations others have of us.
d. are punished for behaving incorrectly.
65. Symbolic interaction theory suggests that children learn
a. as the unconscious mind shapes their behavior.
b. through taking the role of significant others.
c. only when they identify with the same-sex parent.
d. as they begin to learn the rules of the game of life.
66. The sociologist who argued that self-awareness develops as we see ourselves from the point of view of others is
a. Carol Gilligan.
b. George Herbert Mead.
c. Sigmund Freud.
d. Jean Piaget.
67. Mead’s stages, in their correct order, are
a. imitation, sensorimotor, operational.
b. preoperational, play, concrete operational.
c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational.
d. imitation, play, game.
68. According to Mead, children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment during the _____
stage of socialization.
a. imitation
b. play
c. game
d. preoperational
69. George Herbert Mead used the term _____ to refer to those with whom children have a close affiliation.
a. generalized others
b. important others
c. significant others
d. familiar others
70. Mead believed that children acquire a concept of the generalized other during the _____ stage of childhood
socialization.
a. imitation
b. play
c. game
d. preoperational
71. In the game stage of socialization, children begin to learn
a. how to follow directions given by others.
b. that they are not always the center of everyone’s attention.
c. how to take on multiple roles at the same time.
d. to imitate the behavior of significant others.
72. For Mead, the generalized other represents
a. the unconscious mind.
b. people with whom children have a close relationship.
c. the repressed feelings and instincts of children.
d. the abstract composite of social roles and social expectations.
73. Mead’s term for the passive, conforming self that reacts to others is the _____.
a. ego
b. me
c. I
d. id
74. In their judgement of identity, how does Mead differ from Freud?
a. Freud believed the identity was fixed in childhood, whereas Mead thought it was constantly emerging.
b. Mead believed there are multiple parts of the individual, but Freud did not.
c. Freud developed symbolic interactionism and Mead developed psychoanalytic theory.
d. Mead argued that the identity is static, whereas Freud argued that the identity is dynamic.
75. Sociologists believe that socialization
a. happens in the same way for all members of society.
b. is not uniform; no two people have exactly the same experience.
c. has a biological basis and so the social context places only a very small role in it.
d. encourages conformity over individual identity.
76. In her research on the socialization of White and Black families in working-class, middle–class, and poor
backgrounds, Annette Lareau found that the
a. middle-class children had a more leisured life than working-class children.
b. working-class children’s activities were less structured than those of middle-class children.
c. working-class children had less opportunity for creative play than middle-class children.
d. middle-class children were more harshly punished than working-class children.
77. Annette Lareau’s research on middle-class, working-class, and poor children illustrates
a. the inability of working-class and poor children to negotiate their way through various social institutions.
b. the relatively few significant differences in the socialization experiences of middle-class and working-class
children.
c. how working-class children are actually better off than middle-class children.
d. that socialization is not really class-based.
78. Children learn race and gender through which of the following agents of socialization?
a. the family.
b. schooling.
c. the media.
d. All of the above is correct.
79. Which of the following statements is true about the process of socialization?
a. Socialization begins the moment a person is born.
b. By adolescence the socialization process is complete.
c. Socialization ends when one becomes an adult.
d. One’s identity becomes fixed during the process of early socialization.
80. _____ describes and analyzes the connection between people’s personal attributes, the roles they occupy, the life
events they experience, and the social and historical aspects of these events.
a. The theory of the social-historical self
b. The Life history analysis
c. The life course perspective
d. The sociological imagination
81. The phases of the life course
a. bind different generations and define some of life’s most significant events.
b. control what individuals are allowed to do.
c. permit sociologists to study the internal construction of one’s self.
d. keep individuals organized.
82. Researchers interested in how male and female students differ in their self-concepts. The researchers noted that
a. males rated themselves lower on self-confidence.
b. females rated themselves higher on competitiveness.
c. males rated themselves higher on mathematical ability.
d. females rated themselves higher on risk-taking.
83. Socialization during childhood is often
a. direct.
b. extreme.
c. subtle.
d. accidental.
84. Erik Erikson stated that the central task of adolescence is
a. developing youth subcultures.
b. forming a consistent identity.
c. extending childhood.
d. preparing for adult roles.
85. National surveys on adolescents of different social classes has found that
a. lower-income youth are more likely to have fun than upper-class youth.
b. economically privileged youth are more likely than their less privileged peers to define their activities as fun
and not work.
c. there are no significant differences in the activities of adolescents of different social classes.
d. the world seems more “work-like” for economically privileged adolescents.
86. How does adult socialization differ from socialization at younger ages?
a. Socialization is easier in adulthood.
b. Unlike in the younger ages, adult socialization is more geared toward specific situations and roles.
c. There are no differences between the socialization of adults and youth.
d. Unlike in the younger ages, adult socialization has a fixed order in which events occur.
87. Molly wants to be a nurse. During college, she volunteers to assist patients at the local hospital. This is an example
of:
a. resocialization.
b. anticipatory socialization.
c. adolescent socialization.
d. medical socialization.
88. Which of these is true about the transition from an ol d role to a new one?
a. It is always fairly easy to transition from one role to another.
b. The transition can cause people to vacillate between old and new identities.
c. The transition always necessitates some type of anticipatory socialization.
d. Adults cannot transition from one role to another.
89. The term sociologists use to describe the institutionalized practice of age prejudice and discrimination is termed
_____.
a. ageism
b. age stratification
c. age cohort
d. age stereotypes
90. _____ refers to the institutionalized practice of age prejudice and discrimination.
a. Age cohort
b. Ageism
c. Age stereotypes
d. Age stratification
91. An age cohort refers to
a. the hierarchical ranking of different age groups in society.
b. a type of age-based discrimination.
c. an aggregate group of people born during the same time period.
d. the discrimination and prejudice toward a particular age group.
92. According to the disengagement theory, as George ages, he would gradually _____.
a. increase hi s physical activity
b. increase his activity of youthful activities
c. withdraw from participation in society
d. be depressed
93. According to the perspective of _____, age differentiation contributes to the common good of society because
each group has varying levels of utility in society.
a. functional theory
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interaction theory
d. disengagement theory
94. According to the _____ argument, the diminished usefulness of the elderly justifies their depressed earning power.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. psychoanalytic
d. symbolic interactionist
95. _____ predicts that people will withdraw from participation in society as they age, and they will be relieved of
responsibility.
a. Conflict theory
b. Age stratification
c. Disengagement theory
d. Social learning
96. By focusing on the competition for resources such as jobs, _____ theory offers an explanation of why both youth
and the elderly are assigned lower status in society and are most likely to be poor.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. symbolic interaction
d. disengagement
97. _____ ask what meanings become attached to different age groups and to what extent these meanings explain
how society ranks such groups.
a. functionalists
b. conflict theorists
c. symbolic interactionists
d. object relations theorists
98. According to functional theory, age differentiation
a. contributes to the common good.
b. results from varied levels of power.
c. occurs in most societies in varying ways.
d. promotes inequality.
99. The _____ perspective considers the role of social perception in understanding the sociology of age.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. psychoanalytic
d. symbolic interactionist