100. In the 1920s, _____ argued that the city was a center of distant, cold interpersonal interaction, and as a result,
urban dwellers experienced alienation, loneliness, and powerlessness.
a. Louis Wirth
b. Ernest Burgess
c. George H. Mead
d. Homer Hoyt
101. People who live in Chinatown, Little Italy, and Little Havana are all examples of what Gans termed _____.
a. ethnic villagers
b. cosmopolites
c. the trapped
d. the“other”
102. According to the social theorist, Herbert Marcuse, the technological advances of modern society:
a. still manages to meet the basic needs of people.
b. is shaped by technological advances that are both stable and rational.
c. lead to feelings of powerlessness.
d. gives people a sense of control over their lives.
103. According to Marcuse, one of the most pressing problems today, brought on by increasing technology and
modernization is _____.
a. anomie
b. alienation
c. deskilling
d. underemployment
104. __________istheprocessbywhichacommunityacquiresthecharacteristicsofcitylifeandthe“urban”endof
therural–urbancontinuum.
a. Suburbanization
b. Urbanization
c. Urban Sprawl
d. Globalization
105. What is necessary in order for a social movement to begin?
a. There must be a preexisting communication network.
b. Enough monetary resources to fund an organization
c. Celebrity spokespeople willing to support the issue
d. The certainty that the change in question will be possible to create
106. Tönniesviewedtheprocessofmodernizationasaprogressivelossof
a. gesellschaft
b. gemeinschaft
c. mechanical solidarity
d. organic solidarity
107. Which type of society did Tonnies see as organized on the basis of self-interest?
a. gesellschaft
b. gemeinschaft
c. mechanical solidarity
d. organic solidarity
108. Durkheim argued that societies move from a state of __________, a cohesiveness based on the similarity among
its members, to ___________, a cohesiveness based on difference.
a. gesellschaft; gemeinschaft
b. gemeinschaft; gesellschaft
c. mechanical solidarity; organic solidarity
d. organic solidarity; mechanical solidarity
109. Sources of toxicity are so widespread that today Whites are as likely to reside near toxic sites as are Native
Americans, Hispanics, and African Americans.
a. True
b. False
110. GesellschaftisGermanfor“community.”
a. True
b. False
111. The original intent of the U.S. Census was to ensure the welfare system would have enough resources to meet
thepopulation’sneeds.
a. True
b. False
112. Birthrate, death rate, and migration are the three key factors that determine the size of the population.
a. True
b. False
113. ​
The world population is currently seven billion people, and it is expected to grow to nine billion by 2050.
a. True
b. False
114. The 2010 Census has nearly no undercounting.
a. True
b. False
115. A sex ratio of exactly 100 indicates equal numbers of males and females.
a. True
b. False
116. The United States compares favorably with other developed nations in both life expectancy and infant mortality.
a. True
b. False
117. The current population of the United States is more than 316 million.
a. True
b. False
118. According to Malthusian theory, a population grows faster than the subsistence needed to sustain it.
a. True
b. False
119. Itwasn’tuntil1990sthatmostcountriesrecognizedpopulationgrowthasaproblem.
a. True
b. False
120. Demographic transition theory has three main stages to population change.
a. True
b. False
121. Social change often creates conflict.
a. True
b. False
122. The path by which technology is introduced into society often reflects the predominant cultural values in that
society.
a. True
b. False
123. All parts of a society do not all change at the same pace or at the same time.
a. True
b. False
124. Cultural diffusion is a one way process only.
a. True
b. False
125. Social movements tend to persist over time more than collective behavior.
a. True
b. False
126. The Taliban and al Qaeda are examples of groups that may be understood through the application of social
movement theory.
a. True
b. False
127.
Cyclical theories build on the idea that societies have a life cycle.
127. Cyclical theories build on the idea that societies have a life cycle.
a. True
b. False
128. Unlike everyday organizations, movements thrive on spontaneity and often must swiftly develop new strategies and
tactics in the quest for change.
a. True
b. False
129. Immigrants once settled almost entirely in a small number of cities.
a. True
b. False
130. According to Marcuse modern technology leads to a feeling of security.
a. True
b. False
131. Theorists like Habermas and Marcuse argue that modern society fails to meet the need of the individual to
development a fulfilling identity.
a. True
b. False
132. According to Wirth and Simmel, one positive consequence of urbanization was the liberating effect that arises from
the relative absence of close, restrictive ties and interactions.
a. True
b. False
133. Social change is the alteration of social interactions, institutions, stratification systems, and elements of culture over
time.
a. True
b. False
134. Define a human ecosystem and give two examples; explain what lessons the study of ecosystems has for
sociologists.
135. Define environmental racism and provide an example.
136. Discuss the problem of environmental pollution in the U.S., incorporating several examples into your response.
Define and explain environmental racism in the context of environmental pollution.
137. Describe the cohort that has been called the Baby Boomer; briefly describe the impact that the Baby Boom has
had on American society.
138. Discuss the impacts of global warming on societies and ecosystems.
139. Discuss how the U.S. compares to other countries in terms of infant mortality. What are the key causes of the
U.S. infant mortality rate?
140. Explain what an age-sex population pyramid is, and describe how the pyramids for a post-industrial nation like
the U.S. and an industrializing country like Mexico will look different from each other.
141. Discuss the significance of the three basic demographic processes in terms of population growth and
demographic trends.
142. Identify the three basic demographic processes and discuss the variations in each that are affected by gender,
race-ethnicity, and social class.
143. Describe Malthusian theory.
144. List and briefly discuss each of the four characteristics of social change presented in the text.
145. List and discuss the five common characteristics of collective behavior as presented in the text.
146. Define cultural diffusion and give an example.
147. Define collective behavior and social movement, and explain the relationship between the two.
148. Discuss the relationship between a revolution and a social movement
149. Discuss how collective behavior emerges. How does collective behavior differ from other types of social
behavior?
150. What is modernization; how does modernization theory explain social change?
151. Compare Marx and Spencer’s approaches to social change. In your answer discuss which theorist was the most
accurate in theorizing social change.
152. Discuss how symbolic interactionists address fads and fashions in terms of social change.
153. Define gemeinschaft and gesellschaft and the types of society each corresponds to.
154. Compare and contrast the perspectives of Georg Simmel, Louis Wirth and Herbert Gans on urbanism as a
lifestyle.
155. Discuss the concept of alienation in terms of how it relates to modernization.