61. Compared with other industrialized nations in terms of infant mortality and life expectancy, the U.S.
a. ranks near the bottom, having relatively high infant mortality and lower life expectancy.
b. ranks near the top, having relatively low infant mortality and higher life expectancy.
c. is in the middle; infant mortality is very low, but so is life expectancy.
d. has very high infant mortality and high life expectancy.
62. The crude death rate, the number of deaths each year per 1000 people, is a good indicator of the _____ in a
country.
a. fertility
b. population growth
c. standard of living
d. crude birth rate
63. The infant mortality rate measures the number of deaths each year of infants under the age of one. This measure is
also a good indicator of:
a. the overall quality of life for a group of people.
b. aperson’slifeexpectancy.
c. the overall birthrate of a population.
d. population growth.
64. Among industrialized countries, the country with the lowest infant mortality rate is _____.
a. Great Britain
b. Germany
c. Japan
d. the United States
65. According to the text, the trend toward more and more of the population entering the 65 and over age bracket is
called _____.
a. “theboomerbust”
b. “grayingofAmerica”
c. “theechoeffect”
d. “maturationeffect”
66. The birthrate for the United States is approximately ___ births per 1000 people now, lower than at any other time in
U.S. history.
a. 5
b. 8
c. 14
d. 9
67. According to _____ theory, a population grows faster than the subsistence needed to sustain it.
a. Malthusian
b. demographic transition
c. zero population growth
d. population transition
68. Malthus referred to famine, disease, and war as _____ checks on population growth.
a. positive
b. negative
c. preventative
d. cyclical
69. The outbreak of bubonic plague in Europe from 1334 to 1354, the small pox epidemic in 1707 that devastated the
populations of Mexico and the West Indies, and today’s worldwide AIDS epidemic are alike to the extent that all
are _____.
a. sexually transmitted diseases
b. formsof“positivechecks”onpopulationgrowth
c. typesof“preventativechecks”ofpopulationgrowth
d. diseases associated primarily with sexual and/or racial minorities
70. Malthus considered sexual abstinence to be a _____ on population growth.
a. preventive check
b. positive check
c. positive influence
d. source of decline
71. According to the text, when Malthus was making hi s projections on population, he failed to foresee:
a. technological advances in agriculture that have resulted in larger yields.
b. the advances in medicine that prevented diseases from periodically wiping out entire nations.
c. that widespread use of contraceptives in many countries would keep the birthrate low.
d. all of the above
72. Despite the revolutionary developments that have forestalled his predictions, Malthus made an important
contribution by
a. creating the field of demography.
b. bringing attention to the limitations on subsistence and natural resources.
c. promoting the development of better contraceptive.
d. creating positive checks on population increase.
73. _____ theory proposes that countries pass through a consistent sequence of population patterns linked to the
degree of development in the society and end with a situation in which the birth rates and death rates are both
relatively low.
a. Malthusian
b. demographic transition
c. zero population growth
d. population transition
74. Stage two of the demographic transition is characterized by:
a. a high birthrate but a declining death rate.
b. declining birthrates and death rates.
c. high birthrates and death rates.
d. a high death rate and declining birthrate.
75. In the United States, stage three of the demographic transition began
a. prior to the Second World War
b. At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution
c. in the second half of the 19th century
d. ten years ago
76. What is the major criticism of demographic transition theory?
a. The different stages may not apply in the same way to diverse population groups within society.
b. It has no real-world predictive value.
c. It has no explanatory value.
d. The model fits too many different situations to be useful.
77. In The Population Bomb, Paul Ehrlich argues that
a. the population projections of Thomas Malthus were totally in error.
b. quality of the environment has little to do with the growth and health of populations.
c. food production is currently so efficient that availability of food has ceased to be an issue, even on a
worldwide basis.
d. worldwide population growth has outgrown food production and that massive starvation must inevitably
follow.
78. Studies find that _________ populations reside disproportionately closer to toxic sources than do Whites.
a. Asian and European
b. Native American, Hispanic, and African American
c. wealthy
d. male
79. _____ theories build on the idea that societies have a life cycle, like seasonal plants, or at least a life span, like
humans.
a. Evolutionary
b. Unilinear
c. Cyclical
d. Conflict
80. Gradual transformations that occur on a broad scale and affect many aspects of society are called _____.
a. megachanges
b. macrochanges
c. systemic changes
d. sequential
81. “Culturelag”isatermoriginallycoinedby_____.
a. FerdinandTönnies
b. William Ogburn
c. Immanuel Wallerstein
d. William McCord
82. The various parts of a society do not all change at the same rate; some parts lag behind the others. This is the
principle of _____.
a. cultural drift
b. culture lag
c. cultural accommodation
d. cultural dissemination
83. The use of cellular phones, and the lack of agreement about the proper manners to use with cellular phones,
would be an example of _____.
a. cultural drift
b. culture lag
c. cultural accommodation
d. technology ambivalence
84. How is technology related to social change?
a. Technological change is always positive for society.
b. Technological innovations can be strong catalysts of social change.
c. New technologies always become dispersed rather quickly throughout society.
d. There is no relationship between technology and social change.
85. Which of these types of collective behavior tends to persist over time longer than the others?
a. fads
b. fashions
c. social movements
d. riots
86. _____ is the transmission of cultural elements from one society or cultural group to another.
a. Cultural diffusion
b. Cultural drift
c. Cultural contagion
d. Enculturation
87. In light of what the text spoke about the characteristics of social change, changehas“direction”relativeto:
a. a society’s history.
b. it being random.
c. it being unpredictable.
d. as determined by the government.
88. In general, when people create new norms and organizational structures in response to emerging situations
sociologists term this _____.
a. social relativism
b. social movement
c. collective behavior
d. technological innovation
89. According to _____ theorists, societies move from being structurally simple and homogeneous to complex and
heterogeneous, in which there is an extensive division of labor.
a. conflict
b. symbolic interaction
c. functionalist
d. social exchange
90. Evolutionary theories of social change are a branch of _____.
a. functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interactionist theory
d. social exchange theory
91. Who was the founder of conflict theory?
a. Emile Durkheim.
b. Max Weber.
c. Karl Marx.
d. Georg Simmel.
92. According to _____ theory, the primary cause of social change is a change in the structure of economic classes.
a. functionalist/evolutionary
b. conflict
c. cyclical
d. dependency
93. According to _____ theory, the most important causes of social change were the tensions between social groups,
especially those defined along social class lines.
a. functionalist/evolutionary
b. conflict
c. cyclical
d. dependency
94. According to _____ theory, societies become more homogenized as they are affected by technological change.
a. modernization
b. conflict
c. cyclical
d. dependency
95. Tönnies viewed the process of modernization as a progressive loss of gemeinschaft, a state characterized by:
a. a sense of common feeling and strong personal ties.
b. a very complex division of labor.
c. an emphasis on self interest.
d. a lack of community and interpersonal connections.
96. _____ is a process of social and cultural change initiated by industrialization and followed by increased social
differentiation and division of labor.
a. Revolution
b. Renovation
c. Modernization
d. Westernization
97. According to modernization theory, the primary causes of social change are:
a. technology and global development.
b. decrease in the economic structure of a country.
c. cycles of culture that advance and repeat.
d. evolution from less to more complexity.
98. According to the text, the United States since the 1940s has become a _____, with social interaction less intimate
and less emotional, although certain primary groups such as the family and the friendship group still permit strong
emotional ties.
a. gemeinschaft
b. gesellschaft
c. modified gemeinschaft
d. post gesellschaft
99. Urban sociologist Gideon Sjøberg (1965) referred to the structural and cultural differences that exist as a
consequence of differing degrees of urbanization as _____.
a. the rural-urban differential
b. the rural-urban continuum
c. spacial ecology
d. the rural-urban ethos