61. The glass is a popular concept that refers to the limits that women and minorities experience in job mobility.
a. escalator
b. ceiling
c. floor
d. elevator
62. When explaining unemployment, sociologists are likely to argue that
a. women and minorities are taking away jobs from White men.
b. the major causes of unemployment are related to structural problems in the economy.
c. unemployment is caused by the failings of individual workers.
d. the unemployed do not try very hard to find employment.
63. In terms of the frequency of occurrence of sexual harassment,
a. there is evidence that White women are harassed more often than women of color.
b. the rate has dropped to about only a fourth of working women who are ever harassed.
c. about three percent of sexual harassment cases involve men as the victims.
d. same-gender sexual harassment does not occur.
64. The kind of sexual harassment that does not involve outright demands is called _____.
a. quid pro quo sexual harassment
b. hostile working environment harassment
c. sexual coercion
d. status quo sexual harassment
65. Research documenting the changes in labor force participation among different groups indicates that
a. women and minorities are taking jobs away from White men.
b. the jobs historically dominated by White men are growing in number.
c. Black women are just now catching up with White women in terms of rate of employment.
d. the jobs that have tended to be race- and sex-segregated are increasing in number.
66. Sociologists use the term state to refer to
a. the organized system of power and authority in society.
b. the geographical areas within the country where people live.
c. oppressive forces in society.
d. any type of organizational authority in society.
67. The state
a. is made up of government, the police, the military, and the legal system.
b. is an individual unit, separate from the police and the military.
c. is only made up of government and the legal system.
d. cannot be described.
68. Which of the following is not included in the sociological concept of the state?
a. Organized power and authority in society
b. The military
c. The court system
d. An ecclesia.
69. According to _____, society “sorts“ people into occupations, with the more qualified people having the more
prestigious occupations.
a. functionalists
b. symbolic interactionists
c. conflict theorists
d. feminists
70. The meaning of work for those who do it, and the ways that workers learn new roles, are areas best studied
using the application of _____.
a. symbolic interactionism
b. conflict theory
c. functionalism
d. feminist theory
71. Which perspective is most likely to view work as valuable for society because it teaches people shared values?
a. Functionalism
b. Conflict theory
c. Symbolic interaction theory
d. Social exchange theory
72. _____ theorists see economic restructuring as the result of tensions and power differences between groups vying
for social and economic resources.
a. Functionalist
b. Conflict
c. Symbolic interaction
d. Social exchange
73. What is the sociological term for information that is circulated in order to justify the power of the state?
a. Media
b. State literature
c. Propaganda
d. Sovereignty
74. _____ theorists look to the class division of labor as the source of unequal rewards that workers receive for their
work.
a. Symbolic interaction
b. Conflict
c. Functionalist
d. Feminist
75. What is the sociological term for power that is achieved through force, against the will of those being forced?
a. Legitimate
b. Arbitrary
c. Coercive
d. Cyclical
76. The German sociologist who identified three types of authority in society was _____.
a. Karl Marx
b. Max Weber
c. FerdinandTönnies
d. Oswald Spengler
77. The authority that the older people in society may seem to have over others is an example of _____ authority.
a. traditional
b. charismatic
c. rational-legal
d. coercive
78. What type of authority do the police and courts in society have?
a. Traditional
b. Charismatic
c. Rational-legal
d. Expertise-based
79. The leaders of cults most often exemplify _____ authority.
a. traditional
b. charismatic
c. rational-legal
d. expertise-based
80. _____ authority stems from rules and regulations typically written down as laws, procedures, or codes of
conduct.
a. Traditional
b. Charismatic
c. Rational-legal
d. Expertise-based
81. According to Weber, rational-legal authority inevitably leads to the formation of _____.
a. theocracies
b. bureaucracies
c. democracies
d. autocracies
82. Analyses of bureaucracies reveal that
a. those with the least power in a bureaucratic hierarchy are often the most adamant about the need to follow
the rules.
b. those who make the rules are also the ones who enforce them.
c. within bureaucracies power and authority are based on personality and who one knows.
d. although there are a lot of rules, anyone in the organization may alter the rules fairly easily.
83. According to the _____ model of state power, political power is diffused broadly throughout society and derives
from the activities of interest groups.
a. pluralist
b. power elite
c. autonomous state
d. feminist theory
84. In the United States, groups such as the National Organization for Women (NOW) and Mothers Against Drunk
Driving (MADD) have an impact on what legislation is created. This process is an example of the _____.
a. power elite model
b. authoritarian model
c. pluralist model
d. autonomous state model
85. In which type of theory does the pluralist model of state power have its origins?
a. Functionalist
b. Conflict
c. Symbolic interaction
d. Feminist
86. The _____ model sees the state as representing the interests of a small, but economically dominant, class.
a. pluralism
b. power elite
c. autonomous state
d. feminist theory
87. In which type of theory does the power elite model of state power have its origins?
a. Functionalism
b. Conflict theory
c. Symbolic interactionism
d. Social exchange theory
88. Some people believe that the government is run by the wealthy and serves the needs of the wealthy. This would
be an example of which model of power?
a. Pluralist
b. Power elite
c. Autonomous state
d. Feminist theory
89. A bank president may sit on the Board of Trustees for a university, or a CEO in business may also serve as a
government representative to important committees. From a sociological perspective this creates _____.
a. representational democracy
b. pluralism
c. grass roots politics
d. an interlocking directorate
90. According to the _____ model of state power, the state develops its own needs and interests that are separate
from those of its constituents.
a. pluralist
b. power elite
c. autonomous state
d. populist
91. The United States government has a large number of organizations and departments for various purposes, all run
by bureaucrats who are not elected and may be most interested in their own employment, rather than public
interests. For which model of state power would this be the most important?
a. Pluralist
b. Power elite
c. Autonomous state
d. Populist
92. Applying the _____ model of state power, it could be argued that the dominant values of the state are masculine.
a. pluralist
b. power elite
c. autonomous state
d. feminist theory
93. The U.S. Senate is _____ percent male.
a. 33
b. 45
c. 80
d. 96
94. Taken together, the institutions that make the rules for society are called _____.
a. government
b. democracy
c. the media
d. politics
95. How do voting patterns in the U.S. compare with those of other democratic countries?
a. The U.S. has one of the highest voter turnouts of any democratic country.
b. The U.S. has one of the lowest voter turnouts of any democratic country.
c. All democratic nations have roughly the same percentage of voters for any given election.
d. The U.S. does not keep statistics on the percentage of the population voting in a given election.
96. Which of these groups is disproportionately Republican?
a. African Americans
b. Puerto Rican Americans
c. Cuban Americans
d. Mexican Americans
97. The differences in women’s and men’s political attitudes and behavior are referred to as the _____.
a. sex ratio effect
b. gender gap
c. androgyny factor
d. glass wall
98. In general, how do women’s political attitudes and behavior differ from men’s?
a. Women tend to be more socially conservative.
b. Men are more likely to vote Democrat than are women.
c. Women tend to have more liberal views than men.
d. Men are more likely to vote than women are.
99. The largest contributors to political campaigns are typically _____, and the funds generally go to support
incumbents.
a. political action committees (PACs)
b. many different people from the general population
c. major corporations
d. the national committees of Democrats and Republicans