62. What is the relationship between income, gender, and education?
a. At every level of education the average income of men is higher than the average income of women.
b. When a woman has more education than a man she can be expected to earn more than he does.
c. Women with a bachelor’s degree consistently earn more than men with only a high school diploma.
d. There is no relationship between income, gender, and education.
63. Sociological research on the effect of education on occupation and income has found that
a. for all groups, getting an education makes it possible for one to move into the upper classes.
b. public education has ensured that people from all social classes have an equal chance of achieving higher
incomes.
c.
for middle-class Whites, education improves one’s chance of getting a middle-class job, but entering the upper class is unlikely.
d. scholarships have enabled working class students to attend elite schools in large number, significantly
improving their chances of securing elite positions.
64. The stratification function of schools includes ___________ .
a. drawing on existing stratification
b. sorting people into different categories
c. sorting people into existing social categories
d. all of the above
65. How are occupation, class, and education related?
a. One’s social class is heavily influenced by level of formal education.
b. One’s occupation is heavily influenced by social class background and formal education.
c. Elite boarding schools that prepare students for elite occupations are attended by members of all social
classes in equal proportions.
d. Education provides upward social mobility for all, regardless of class.
66. What is the relationship between educational test scores (e.g. SAT and ACT) and social class?
a. There is no relationship between educational test scores and income.
b. As average family income goes up, so do SAT scores.
c. SAT scores are unpredictable, regardless of parents’ social class and income.
d. Social class does not have much effect on SAT and ACT scores.
67. An overall assessment of the impact of compulsory education in the U.S. since inception in the 19th century
would be that it
a. deepened inequality between African Americans, Latinos and Whites.
b. increased the amount of inequality between men and women.
c. has equalized circumstances for women, and members of all groups in society.
d. has reduced many inequalities in society.
68. Which of the following is true regarding standardized ability tests?
a. They are somewhat capable of predicting future school performance for White men.
b. They are less accurate in forecasting success for minorities.
c. They predict school performance less accurately for women than men.
d. All of the above are true.
69.
A major criticism of standardized ability tests is of what they consider “standardized“ knowledge. In fact, research
indicates that they
a. predict future school performance for African Americans better than for Whites.
b. predict future school performance for women better than for men.
c. predict future school performance for White males better than for others.
d. are not able to predict future school performance for people with any particular social trait.
70. Which of the following is a criticism regarding standardized tests given in the text?
a. The tests tend to measure only limited ranges of abilities.
b. The tests possess at least some degree of cultural and gender bias and a strong social class bias.
c. SATs actually do not predict school performance very well for all groups.
d. All of the above are true.
71. The SAT and IQ tests
a. were meant to measure achievement, not potential.
b. are not used much within the U.S. education system.
c. possess cultural and gender bias and a strong social class bias.
d. have had an equalizing effect on education for women and minorities.
72. Which of the following is most true about high school students entering a college today?
a. They come from high schools that are less segregated than in 1980s.
b. They come from high schools that are more segregated than in the 1980s.
c. They come from high schools that have mixed classes.
d. They come from schools where busing continues to integrate students.
73. Which of the following is not a criticism of using standardized testing to measure cognitive ability?
a. The tests measure ability in too many different areas, such as creativity and musical ability.
b. The tests have at least some degree of cultural and gender bias.
c. The SATs do not predict school performance very well.
d. Only a limited range of abilities is measured by the tests.
74. Differences in ability between people do exist. The general pattern is that differences in ability exist
a. between racial-ethnic groups.
b. between men and women.
c. among the members of any particular group; they are not connected with group membership.
d. between the U.S. population and other industrialized countries.
75. In The Bell Curve, Herrnstein and Murray estimate that intelligence is about _____percent genetically inheritable.
a. 30
b. 60
c. 40
d. 70
76. Separating students according to some measure of cognitive ability (ability grouping) is most commonly called
_____.
a. cognitive differentiation
b. tracking
c. classroom stratification
d. student leveling
77. Critics of tracking argue that
a. students in the higher tracks do not learn as much as others.
b. the tracks are not properly divided; there should be different categories used.
c. the lower track students get most of the teachers’ attention.
d. the students in the lower tracks learn less because they are taught less.
78. According to the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) what has been the impact of the No
Child Left Behind legislation?
a. Although a gap in achievement scores still exists between students of color and White students, the gap has
decreased some in recent decades.
b. A gap between the achievement scores of students of color and White students not only still exists, but has
gotten wider.
c. The gap in achievement scores for students of color and White students in secondary school has virtually
disappeared.
d. There has been no change in relative achievement scores for more than 10 years.
79. Which of the following would a student likely focus on if they are interested in reforming the U.S. approach to
healthcare?
a. A lack of specialist for surgery
b. A lack of preventive health care
c. A lack of medicine for disease
d. None of the answer choices are correct.
80. The increased prestige of medicine and status of physicians coincided with the
a. founding of the U.S. as an independent nation.
b. establishment of medicine as a science.
c. immigration of physicians to the U.S. from other countries.
d. discovery of penicillin.
81. Which of the following is a criticism of the US health care system provided by the text?
a. These is unequal access and affordability.
b. Alternative medical practices are not always endorsed by physicians and are rarely paid for by insurance.
c. there is a lack of emphasis on prevention.
d. All of the above are true.
82. Which of the following is true of the US health care system?
a. It favors minorities and low income persons.
b. Women make up the majority of doctors.
c. It focuses on disease, rather than prevention.
d. It embraces alternative medicine.
83. Recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classified obesity as an epidemic, with about ____
percent of adults and ____ percent of children aged 2 through 19 classified as obese.
a. 10; 5
b. 35; 17
c. 50; 27
d. 67; 52
84. Obesity occurs when
a. individuals lack self-control.
b. being overweight becomes fashionable.
c. healthy foods are readily available and cheap.
d. more calories are consistently ingested than are burned through physical activity.
85. Which of the following is a problem area in the US health care system, as it relates to inequality?
a. Health care is more readily available and more readily delivered to White people than to others.
b. Each year, many in the United States die because they live too far away from a doctor, hospital, or
emergency room.
c. Many inner-city and rural parents do not understand the importance of immunizing their children against
illnesses, and they are often suspicious of immunization programs.
d. All of the answer choices are true.
86. The United States is one of the few industrialized nations that
a. has socialized medicine.
b. does not provide universal health care to its citizens.
c. basis access to health care on need, rather than income.
d. immunizes its citizenry.
87. According to the _____ perspective, the positive functions of the health care system are the prevention and
treatment of disease.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. symbolic interactionist
d. feminist
88. From the _____ perspective, the inequality inherent in our society is responsible for the unequal access to
medical care.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. symbolic interactionist
d. feminist
89. _____ are most likely to believe that health care reflects the inequalities in society.
a. Functionalists
b. Conflict theorists
c. Symbolic interaction theorists
d. Social exchange theorists
90. According to the _____ perspective, the fundamental problem of the health care system is that it produces some
problems that contribute to disharmony in society.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. symbolic interactionist
d. feminist
91. _____ emphasizes the way in which government, science, and health care are all interrelated and contribute to
the stable nature of society.
a. Functionalism
b. Conflict theory
c. Symbolic interactionism
d. Exchange theory
92. According to the perspective, excessive bureaucratization of the health care system and privatization has led
to excessive cost.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. symbolic interactionist
d. feminist
93. According to the _____ perspective, structural inequality is a major source of problems within the health care
system.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. symbolic interactionist
d. interpretivist
94. The _____ perspective highlights a number of socially constructed problems in the health care system.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. symbolic interactionist
d. feminist
95. Which perspective is most likely to believe that illness is partly socially constructed?
a. Functionalism
b. Conflict theory
c. Symbolic interaction theory
d. Social exchange theory
96. The relationship between health care providers and patients, for example the patronizing use of “we“ by some
nurses, and calling patients by their first names, is most likely to be studied by the _____perspective.
a. functionalist
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interactionist
d. social control
97. Symbolic interaction theory holds that illness is partly (although obviously not totally),
a. due to changes in social structure.
b. socially constructed.
c. related to power elites in society.
d. None of the answer choices are true.
98. Immunization against childhood diseases is widely taken for granted. In reality, how is immunization distributed
throughout the U.S.?
a.
Many inner city and rural residents are suspicious of or don’t understand the importance of immunizations
for children.
b. Government health care programs have been particularly effective in reaching children in urban areas.
c. Special attention is always given to the Appalachian region of the U.S. where a larger percentage of
children are vaccinated than in other parts of the country.
d. Childhood immunization is the one type of health care service that is not extremely stratified in terms of its
distribution.
99. How is access to health care in the U.S. distributed throughout the population?
a. Health care is more available in urban and suburban areas than in rural areas.
b. Native American reservations have more health clinics for the population than most other areas of the
country.
c. Women are seen as needing more help and receive far more attention than men.
d. Health care is one thing that members of minority groups and Whites have fairly equal access to.
100. Without the Affordable Care Act,
a. millions more Americans will be uninsured.
b. everyone would be better off.
c. private insurance rates would drop.
d. the poor could afford better health care.