61. According to _____ theory, sexual violence such as rape or sexual harassment is the result of power imbalances
between men and women.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. symbolic interaction
d. social exchange
62. According to _____ theory, power relations in society influence the power that some sexual groups have over
others.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. symbolic interaction
d. social exchange
63. Both functionalism and conflict theory
a. understand sexuality in terms of the overall organization of society.
b. relate sexuality to the stability of the family.
c. see sexuality in relation to power and the economic structure of society.
d. emphasize how sexual identities are socially constructed.
64. The social construction of sexual identities is explained by _____.
a. conflict theory
b. functionalist theory
c. symbolic interaction theory
d. social control theory
65. The _____ perspective explains sexual identity as self-definition that develops through interaction with others.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. social construction
d. social exchange
66. From a symbolic interactionist perspective
a. sexual practices are the result of complementary gender roles in society.
b. sexual identity and practices are explained by the social organization of society.
c. social approval and taboos influence what is considered permissible.
d. differences in power define what types of sexual behavior is acceptable.
67. Which of these theoretical perspectives would be the most interested in how sexual identities are revealed during
the process of “coming out” as gay or lesbian?
a. Functionalism
b. Conflict theory
c. Symbolic interaction theory
d. Social exchange theory
68. A person’s sexual identity
a. may change throughout at some point in his or her lifetime.
b. depends on how many same-sex relationships he or she has had.
c. is permanent once it has been determined.
d. is predictable at the time he or she is born.
69. The idea that different standards for sexual behavior apply to men and women is called the _____.
a. natural order
b. male dominance theory
c. double standard
d. male mandate
70. Having casual sexual relations, from kissing to sexual intercourse, without any commitment has been termed as
______.
a. the double standard
b. hooking up
c. gender bending
d. making out
71. A common stereotype for Asian American women is _____.
a. either “hot” or “virgins”
b. temptresses
c. compliant and submissive
d. all of the above
72. In general, which of these stereotypes is often applied to men and women at the bottom of the race and class
stratification system?
a. They have dangerous or uncontrollable sexual behavior.
b. They are passive and compliant.
c. They are virginal or inexperienced.
d. They are asexual or uninterested in sexual activity.
73. Which of the following groups are more likely to be a victim of sexual violence?
a. White women
b. Rich women
c. Poor and black women
d. Middle class women
74. The group most vulnerable to sexual exploitation is _____.
a. poor women and women of color
b. working-class women
c. middle-class women
d. women who don’t work outside the home
75. In a cross-cultural study of sexual jealousy, researchers found that when women and men saw their partners
kissing or flirting with another person
a. men were consistently more jealous than women.
b. women were consistently more jealous than men.
c. neither men nor women illustrated jealous tendencies.
d. the reactions of men and women varied in different cultural contexts.
76. When individuals view and act on homosexuality as a perversion of normal sexual identity, they are advocating
_____.
a. Homosexuality
b. Heterosexism
c. Queer theory
d. Sexual politics
77. When students on a college campus are concerned over issues linked to sexuality and power in society, such as
rape or other types of sexual violence, they are addressing:
a. sexual politics
b. sexual expression
c. homophobia
d. gender debates
78. Because they are denied equal protection and treated with prejudice and discrimination sociologists consider gay
and lesbians as _________ .
a. illegal populations.
b. minorities.
c. tolerant.
d. abnormal.
79. According to _____, multiple forms of sexual identity are possible and can be seen in how people cross the
ordinarily assumed boundaries between homosexuality and heterosexuality.
a. functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interaction theory
d. queer theory
80. The introduction of queer theory
a. has strengthened the boundaries between homosexuality and heterosexuality identity.
b. furthers the idea that sexual identity may be a continuum of different possibilities for sexual expression.
c. challenges the belief that there can be multiple types of sexual identity.
d. has not had any impact on how sexual identity is understood.
81. Germany recently legalized gay and lesbian relationships, allowing same-sex couples to register their partnership.
This is used in the text to illustrate that
a. all countries place an emphasis on legal unions.
b. gays and lesbians have the same rights throughout the U.S. and western Europe.
c. tolerance for gay and lesbian relationships varies significantly throughout the world.
d. legalizing and registering partnerships are equally important to same-sex couples.
82. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Sociologists view the international sex trade as part of the global economy.
b. The international sex trade is implicated in problems such as the spread of AIDS.
c. The international sex trade is implicated in the exploitation of women where women have limited economic
opportunities.
d. International trade in sex has decreased as the result of increasing globalization and economic
development.
83. The practice of traveling to particular parts of the world in order to engage in commercial sexual activity is
termed _____.
a. sex trafficking
b. sex tourism
c. sex capitalism
d. international sexism
84. Historically, how have sociologists approached the study of the experience of gays and lesbians?
a. As a form of deviance
b. As part of a spectrum of possibilities for human sexuality
c. As a normal phase in the development of adolescent sexuality
d. Sociologists have focused primarily on lesbians
85. Sociological study of homophobia has found that
a. it occurs naturally in humans.
b. it may be deeply embedded in individual’s definitions of themselves.
c. there is no institutional context for homophobia within the U.S.
d. unlike in other countries, homophobia has little impact on attitudes within the U.S.
86. Research findings indicate that gays and lesbians
a. actively try to seduce or “recruit” straight people.
b. do not assume dominant and submissive roles in their relationships.
c. generally have a negative impact on their children.
d. are mostly middle or upper class.
87. Though not supported by traditional institutions, gay and lesbian couples
a. are more likely to adopt equal relationship roles.
b. do not usually have both partners employed.
c. still have equal rights to child custody and partner benefits.
d. assume roles of dominance and submission in their relationships.
88. Research on gay and lesbian relationships has found that
a. they generally include a dominant and submissive role.
b. the quality of the relationship is better when the couple receives social support.
c. there is more inequality in gay and lesbian relationships than in heterosexual relationships.
d. they experience more unemployment than in heterosexual relationships.
89. What is the status of gays and lesbians in the U.S. politically and legally?
a. They are not considered a minority group because of their numbers.
b. The Supreme Court has ruled that they cannot be denied equal protection under the law.
c. They have the same rights to child custody, adoption, and domestic partnerships as heterosexuals.
d. They still receive no legal protection.
90. The availability of legal birth control
a. has always been extended to married and unmarried people equally.
b. is a relatively recently acquired right.
c. has generally been controlled by women who are most likely to use it.
d. is widespread for all forms, without the need for a prescription.
91. Historically the application of eugenics to humans led to which of the following?
a. Improvement for societies
b. Race and class-based sterilization and blame
c. Changes in attitudes toward birth control
d. Movements supporting future use of eugenics
92. Activists Emma Goldman and Margaret Sanger promoted access to birth control as a means of
a. reducing the lower class that was threatening upper and middle-class workers.
b. decreasing the size of immigrant families in comparison to more established White families.
c. enabling women to find employment outside of the home.
d. improving the gene pool of the U.S. in terms of health and intelligence.
93. Research on contraceptive use
a. has been done more among women than among men.
b. has found that women use condoms more than the pill to protect themselves from AIDS.
c. has been done more among men than among women.
d. indicates that the use of all methods of birth control has been declining.
94. The right to abortion was first established in constitutional law by the _____ decision in 1973.
a. Romer v. Evans
b. Eisenstadt v. Baird
c. Roe v. Wade
d. Lawrence v. Griswold
95. The right to abortion was first established in constitutional law in _____.
a. 1965
b. 1973
c. 1986
d. 1990
96. Which of the following statements is false with regard to abortion?
a. The rate of abortion has declined since 1980.
b. The majority of women having abortions are already mothers.
c. Black women are more likely to have abortions than White women.
d. Public support for abortion has been steadily declining over the past 20 years.
97. Which of the following groups is most likely to have an abortion?
a. Young women, aged 20–29
b. Women over the age of 40
c. Middle class women
d. College students
98. With regard to pornography in the U.S., sociologists note that
a. the legal definition of pornography has remained stable over time.
b. there is a general consensus on what the impact of pornography is.
c. pornography has come to permeate the culture.
d. pornography is difficult to obtain legally.
99. If Pam is researching pro and anti-abortion activism, she is likely to find:
a. that they both agree on the roles of women in society
b. that they both agree on women’s control over fertility
c. that they disagree on the role of reproduction for women’s independence
d. that they disagree over abortion and race