61. Since the passage of Title IX in 1972
a. gender inequality in the schools has disappeared.
b. discrimination by schools on the basis of gender is illegal.
c. boys and girls receive the same treatment by teachers.
d. treatment by teachers is still unequal, but books now feature equal numbers of boys and girls.
62. Researchers on the influence of television has found that
a. both boys and girls rate aggressive toys seen in commercials as desirable.
b. viewing stereotypical images of women has no impact on attitudes toward traditional roles.
c. there is a positive link between viewing more sexist images and holding stronger feminist attitudes.
d. watching television results in a rejection of popular culture stereotypes of both men and women.
63. According to the text, there is a price of conformity to gender norms. Which of these is nota negative consequence
for men that results from conformity to gender roles?
a. Gender norms discourage intimacy with other men, affecting friendships.
b. Conformity to gender norms increases risk-taking behavior that may result in death or injury.
c. Gender norms that demand thinness have resulted in men being diagnosed with eating orders as often as
women.
d. Traditional norms of aggressiveness can lead some men to act violently against women.
64. When Jake adheres to traditional male gender roles, he is more likely to:
a. ignore gender stereotypes
b. take risks and produce physical daring
c. become gender neutral
d. none of the above
65. Research on race, gender, and eating disorders, by Meg Lovejoy, found that
a. Black women are less likely than White women to engage in excessive dieting and are less fearful of fat.
b. White women are much more satisfied with their bodies than originally thought.
c. both Black and White women tend to overestimate their weight.
d. Black women do not suffer from eating disorders such as overeating.
66. Research indicates that men and women of different races have different expectations regarding gender roles.
Which of these statements regarding expectations of different groups is true?
a. Hispanic men have stronger beliefs than White men that men and women should have different
characteristics.
b.
African American men are more likely than African American women to support feminism and egalitarian views of men and
women’s roles.
c. Asian American women are more likely than Asian American men to value egalitarian roles for men and
women.
d. African American women are socialized to be more dependent on men than are White women.
67. How is homophobia related to gender socialization?
a. Homophobia encourages conformity to gender expectations.
b. Homophobia illustrates the validity of biological determinism.
c. Sociologists find that the effect of homophobia on peer socialization has been overstated.
d. Research on homophobia indicates that the “social construction of gender” is a myth.
68. Which of these statements regarding homophobia and gender expectations is false?
a. Fear of being perceived as gay drives greater conformity to male gender norms.
b. Homophobia has the effect of discouraging feminine traits, such as gentleness and empathy, in men.
c. Men who endorse the most traditional masculine roles tend to be the most homophobic.
d. While homophobia encourages gender norm conformity, it is not likely to promote hostility toward gays
and lesbians.
69. With regard to homophobia and gender socialization, the author argues that
a. homophobia plays little role in gender socialization.
b. there is no connection between homophobia and gender norms.
c. homophobia may have serious negative consequences for both heterosexual and homosexual men and
women.
d. while homophobia has an influence on male socialization, it has no effect on the socialization of women.
70. Which of the following is not considered one of the central aspects of a gendered institution?
a. The personal opinions and attitudes of the individual members of the institution
b. Stereotypical role expectations for men and women
c. Stratification of the positions within the institution, based on sex
d. Organizational structure that gives advantages to men
71. Comparative research finds that women are more nearly equal to men in societies where
a. women perform a lot of the domestic labor.
b. women have responsibility for child care.
c. women have access to education.
d. work is highly segregated by sex.
72. According to the text, individual people do not need to be sexist in order for there to be sexism. How do
sociologists explain this?
a. Sexism is a natural part of life and of being human, so it doesn’t matter what the individual does.
b. Sexism has become embedded in the structure and ideology of social institutions.
c. Even when people are not consciously being sexist, it is part of their subconscious so it still comes out in
different ways.
d. Sociologists do not agree that it is possible for there to be sexism without individuals being sexist.
73. Professional women experience a significant loss of income if they leave and reenter the workforce after raising
children. This has been termed ______.
a. the mommy tax
b. the double shift
c. double jeopardy
d. dual labor market
74. Which of these statements about patriarchy is false?
a. The term refers to a society in which men have power over women.
b. Patriarchy refers to interactions and ideology in the public sphere only.
c. Patriarchy is very common throughout the world.
d. Forms of patriarchy vary from society to society.
75. Until recently, matriarchal societies have not been widely noted or discussed in the social sciences. Which of the
following explains this?
a. Sociologists agree that matriarchal societies have never existed.
b. Matriarchal societies existed prior to Christianity, but there are not contemporary matriarchal societies.
c. The identification of matriarchal societies has been obscured by the application of Western ideas about
power.
d. There is no interest in matriarchal power within the social sciences.
76. The labor force participation rate for White women
a. has only recently reached the rate for women of color.
b. has always been much higher than that of women of color.
c. has been stagnant for the past 50 years.
d. is significantly lower than that for women of color.
77. Human capital theory explains gender differences in wages
a. as created by the different occupations in which men and women work.
b. by taking into consideration women’s tendency to drop out of the workforce in order to have children.
c. as the result of individual characteristics of workers.
d. as being overstated.
78. Which of these statements is true regarding the validity of the human capital theory as it applies to the pay gap?
a. There is no evidence that human capital theory explains the difference in men’s and women’s earnings.
b. While factors such as education and age do affect earnings, the earnings of men and women with the same
levels of education and prior experience are still unequal.
c. Women earn less than men because they work fewer hours.
d.
Research indicates that there is actually no difference in men’s and women’s wages when the type of work is taken into account.
79. The _____ labor market is characterized by high job turnover, low wages, short or nonexistent promotion
ladders, and few benefits.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. fringe
80. Which of these statements about the application of the dual labor market theory to the gender pay gap is false?
a. In female-dominated occupations, it is difficult to determine cause and effect in regards to the pay
discrepancy between males and females.
b. While equal pay for equal work is applied in principle, men and women do not do equal work.
c. The informal labor market is exclusively female.
d. Women tend to be employed in the second tier of the primary labor market.
81. Which of these theories explains wage inequality between men and women using the individual characteristics of
workers?
a. Human capital theory
b. Dual labor market theory
c. Both human capital theory and dual labor market theory
d. Neither human capital theory nor dual labor market theory
82. In practice, sexual harassment in the workplace
a. is an example of overt discrimination.
b. has no real impact on women’s employment.
c. happens to men as often as it does to women.
d. is an inevitable product of men and women working together.
83. What does the author contend is the cause of inequality in wages between men and women?
a. Human capital is the best explanation of the wage gap.
b. Wage inequality is the result of multiple factors that operate together to put women at a disadvantage.
c. Dual labor market theory offers the best explanation for unequal wages.
d. Overt discrimination is the best explanation for the gender wage gap.
84. Relatively few men work in jobs that are traditionally considered women’s work. When they do,
a. they tend to be more upwardly mobile than women in historically male-dominated jobs.
b. they are subject to the same types and amounts of sexual harassment as women in male-dominated
professions.
c. wages for those jobs start to fall.
d. they are accused of taking jobs away from women.
85. Studies have found that lesbian women are more likely to be open about their sexual identity at work when they
a. work in occupations traditionally defined as “men’s work.”
b. work predominantly with other women and have women as bosses.
c. become the targets of sexual harassment.
d. are stereotyped as lesbian and have their “true gender identity” questioned.
86. Even when husbands and wives are both employed outside of the home, the bulk of the domestic responsibilities
fall on women. The sociological term for this is ______.
a. the dual labor market
b. gender segregation
c. the second shift
d. familial inequity
87. Which of these statements regarding the second shift is false?
a. A large number of men and women report that they find emotional gratification and social support at work.
b. The gender gap in the amount of domestic work done by men and women has virtually disappeared.
c. Women are more likely than men to be caring for aging parents.
d. Women report stress as one of their greatest concerns.
88. Functionalists have been criticized for
a. ignoring gender roles.
b. emphasizing symbols in their approach to the study of gender.
c. failing to see the merits of a conflict approach to the study of gender.
d. interpreting gender as a fixed role in society.
89. According to _____, men fill instrumental roles, women fill expressive roles, and this arrangement benefits society.
a. functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interactionism
d. social control theory
90. From a _____ perspective, men have historically had the power to benefit from women’s labor and devalue
women’s work.
a. symbolic interactionist
b. conflict
c. functionalist
d. social exchange
91. The feminist understanding of “doing gender” is a type of _____ perspective within sociology.
a. conflict
b. structural functionalist
c. symbolic interactionist
d. macrosociological
92. Feminist theorists have focused on the ways in which gender is created and reinforced through social interaction.
This is an ethnomethodological perspective termed _____.
a. gender orientation
b. feminist interpretivism
c. institutionalized gender
d. “doing gender”
93. The perspective of _____ feminism has supported many legal changes to bring about greater equality for women in
the United States.
a. liberal
b. socialist
c. radical
d. multiracial
94. _____ feminists argue that there cannot be justice for women as long as men hold power in social institutions.
a. Liberal
b. Radical
c. Multiracial
d. Conservative
95. Which type of feminism is most likely to view rape, domestic violence, and sexual harassment as mechanisms that
men use to assert their power within society?
a. Liberal
b. Multiracial
c. Socialist
d. Radical
96. Which type of feminism is most concerned with the interrelationship of race, class and gender?
a. socialist feminism
b. multiracial feminism
c. gendered institutions
d. “doing gender”