1. Beth decides to become a man. Which of the following would likely occur?
a. A gain in income, power, and social standing
b. A loss in income, power, and social standing
c. Little change in social standing
d. A gain of income by 50 percent
2. Gail is arguing that women are more emotional and men are more aggressive. She is using which of the following
concepts?
a. Social constructionist
b. Biological determinism
c. Gender Socialization
d. Intersexed
3. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Sex refers to biological identity, male or female.
b. Gender refers to the socially learned expectations and behaviors associated with members of each sex.
c. Gender is more important concept to sociologists than sex.
d. The key sociological question on this issue is whether biology or culture is more important.
4. The example of the Navajo berdaches illustrates what concept?
a. Biological determinism
b. Hermaphroditism
c. Gender as a social construction
d. Gender stratification
5. Managing a transgendered identity may be stressful because of:
a. the expectations of others.
b. the strong role of biology.
c. the changing nature of gender.
d. socialization.
6. When it comes to the impact of religion on gender expectations, all of the following are true, except that:
a. any religion interpreted in a fundamentalist way may be oppressive to women.
b. the most devout believers of any faith tend to have the most traditional beliefs about the proper roles for
men and women.
c. both Christian and Islamic women have organized to resist sexist practices.
d. Judaism encourages the most egalitarian roles in the U.S.
7. In school, children gain knowledge and skills as well as gender roles. Schools are:
a. gendered institutions.
b. gendered apartheid.
c. discriminatory institutions.
d. patriarchal systems.
8. Gender stratification is supported by:
a. a belief that treats gender inequality as natural.
b. individual sexism, not institutional sexism.
c. the matriarchal structure of American society.
d. norms and values encouraging gender equality.
9. The Minangkabau society in Indonesia is one where women have power over men. The Minangkabau is an
example of a(n) _____ society.
a. patriarchal
b. matriarchal
c. sexist
d. apartheid
10. _____ percent of women are in the paid labor force compared with _____ percent of men.
a. 77; 40
b. 60; 72
c. 40; 90
d. 72; 60
11. The Equal Pay Act of 1963
a. requires married fathers to be paid more than unmarried men.
b. requires that men and women receive equal pay for equal work.
c. requires companies to pay men and women equally within the company.
d. requires education and experience to be the only factors used to determine pay.
12. Today, women make up 96% of secretaries and 95% of child-care workers. This is evidence of:
a. overt discrimination.
b. sex stratification.
c. patriarchy.
d. occupational segregation.
13. Which of the following statements is true regarding work and family life?
a. Men, but not women, have increased the number of work hours over the past several decades.
b. The expectations of men in the home have decreased over time.
c. Men are more involved in family life than in the past.
d. Women are moving away from the labor force for the first time in many years.
14. Gender is something that is accomplished through ongoing interactions. This process is referred to as:
a. gender socialization.
b. overt gendering.
c. doing gender.
d. matriarchy.
15. Anita believes that the oppression of women results from patriarchy. Anita is a:
a. liberal feminist.
b. functionalist.
c. conflict theorist.
d. radical feminist.
16. The United Nations estimates that the value of women’s unpaid work amounts to at least _____.
a. $800 billion
b. $11 trillion
c. $50 billion
d. $140 trillion
17. _____ is unusual in that there is far greater sharing of household responsibilities by couples than in most other
nations.
a. Japan
b. China
c. Britain
d. the United States
18. The Equal Rights Amendment:
a. was passed in 1918.
b. was passed in 1963.
c. was passed in 2012.
d. has not been passed.
19. Which of these statements about the differences between men and women, is false?
a. Men earn 23 percent more than women.
b. Women live longer than men.
c. Men interrupt others in conversation more often than women.
d. Men live longer than women.
20. When a child learns social expectations and behaviors that are associated with being male and being female, he or
she is engaging in the process of addressing:
a. sexuality
b. role playing
c. gender socialization
d. sex
21. Evidence that gender is socially constructed includes
a. the different gender roles found in different countries.
b. the lack of gender variability generally.
c. studies that find more difference within a gender than between genders on most traits.
d. the common gender expectations across all social classes.
22. Substantial differences in the construction of gender may exist in all of the following except:
a. across social classes.
b. between subcultures within a single society.
c. among different racial and ethnic groups.
d. within a single individual.
23. Research on biological determinism has found that
a. a strong correlation exists between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels.
b. changes in testosterone levels predict changes in levels of men’s aggression.
c. there are minimal differences in the levels of sex hormones between boys and girls in early childhood.
d. children born with mixed biological sex characteristics are more aggressive than other children.
24. In biological terms, the combination of an X and a Y chromosome establishes a person’s sex as _____.
a. female
b. male
c. hermaphrodite
d. transgender
25. When an individual is born with both male and female biological sex characteristics, this is referred to as _____.
a. intersexed
b. fetal sex differentiation
c. transgenderation
d. bisexual variation
26. In general, men and women differ physically from each other in all of the following ways, except
a. men tend to have a lower resting heart rate.
b. women tend to have lower blood pressure.
c. men tend to have greater muscle density.
d. women have greater endurance than men.
27. In order to address the complex causes behind an individual’s gender identity, sociologists emphasize:
a. nature only.
b. nurture only.
c. both nature and nurture.
d. neither nature nor nurture.
28. When individuals look back on their lives, _____ is/are most likely the most important influence on their gender
socialization.
a. parents
b. peers
c. teachers
d. religion
29. Research on socialization during childhood has found that
a. boys and men are featured in children’s books more often than girls and women.
b. toys for both boys and girls today tend to promote cooperation rather than aggression or competition.
c. girls are encouraged to play outdoors as much as boys are.
d. gender is likely not formed until adolescence.
30. When Johnny learns about gender from a Judeo-Christian religious perspective in the U.S., he will learn about:
a. gender equality.
b. gender differences.
c. female dominance.
d. conservative sex differences.
31. When Bob assumes all women should have the same status and behave in the same way, his expectations about
gender:
a. only influences females.
b. only influences males.
c. influences both males and females.
d. positively influences males
32. In what way is the gender socialization of African American and White women alike?
a. Both are encouraged to be nurturing and “otheroriented”
b. Both are equally likely to view work as an expected part of a woman’s role
c. Socialization for both places a strong emphasis on self-sufficiency and independence
d. Gender conformity is strongly encouraged for both.
33. What is the sociological term for the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to
gender?
a. Gender apartheid
b. Gender roles
c. Gender stratification
d. Gender assignation
34. Which of these is not a trait found to correspond to relatively equal status for men and women within a society?
a. Work is highly segregated according to sex.
b. Women have access to education.
c. Women’s work is central to the economy.
d. Men make a contribution to household responsibilities.
35. When a society excludes women from institutions in that society, it is practicing:
a. religious sexism
b. theological patriarchy
c. economic segregation
d. gender apartheid
36. Which of the following is not an explanation for the gender pay gap?
a. Men and women have different levels of prior experience and training.
b. Men and women tend to be employed in different types of occupations.
c. Women are discriminated against in employment and in wages.
d. Women and men’swagesaredeterminedbybiologicaltraits .
37. Martha works in a female dominated occupation and makes less than most men in the overall labor market. Her
lower pay can be explained by _____.
a. differences in human capital
b. a dual labor market
c. differential association
d. the existence of a power elite
38. In the primary labor market
a. there is a high turnover rate and low wages.
b. jobs are relatively stable, wages are good, and there are ample opportunities for advancement.
c. women and racial–ethnic minorities are more likely to be employed than in the secondary labor market.
d. jobs are short-lived and workers suffer poor work conditions.
39. Which of the following is an example of a primary labor market job?
a. Seasonal work
b. Retail sales
c. A corporate management position
d. A waiter or waitress
40. Which of the following is true regarding gender segregation?
a. Most women work in occupations that have roughly equal numbers of male and female employees.
b. Men are concentrated in fewer occupations that women.
c. The greater the concentration of women workers in an occupation, the lower the pay.
d. Legislation has had little effect on gender segregation.
41.
Sexual harassment is a form of overt discrimination that has a negative impact on women’s employment. Which of
these statements about sexual harassment is false?
a. Sociologists argue men use sexual harassment as a means to protect their power in the workplace.
b. Cultural changes have resulted in men experiencing as much sexual harassment as women.
c. Women in traditionally male-dominated jobs experience the most harassment.
d. Men’s preserving of their advantage in the workplace is evidence that women are viewed as sex objects.
42. Gender segregation in occupations
a. is not very prevalent, although it does exist.
b. tends to be a disadvantage men who may want to work in traditionally female occupations.
c. reinforces the belief that there are significant differences between men and women.
d. rewards the most experienced women over men.
43. How would a functionalist explain unequal wages between men and women?
a. Women experience overt discrimination.
b. Women are socialized into roles that lead them to make choices that might result in lower wages.
c. Women’s work is devalued in comparison with men’s.
d. Women have less power than do men.
44. A significant difference between the functionalist and conflict theory perspectives on gender is that
a. functionalism is a macrosociological perspective and conflict theory is not.
b. conflict theory recognizes the role of gender within the social structure and functionalism does not.
c. conflict theory is more likely than functionalism to explore issues of race and social class as they relate to
gender.
d. functionalism advocates for change more than conflict theory.
45. Which of these is a criticism of the feminist perspective of “doing gender”?
a. It ignores that power and economic differences based on gender that exist in society.
b. It focuses too much on race and class-based gender differences.
c. It does not allow for social change.
d. It encourages radical changes within society.
46. Attitudes toward gender roles have changed, so that today
a. only 10 percent of men think that one parent should stay at home while the other is working.
b. both men and women say it is not fair for men to be the sole decision maker in the household.
c. women no longer believe they will be discriminated against men in employment.
d. men and women both agree that gender discrimination should be illegal.
47. Gender expectations begin to influence how children are treated
a. from the moment of birth.
b. after eighteen months of age.
c. at three years of age.
d. when they reach preschool age.
48. According to the concept of biological determinism
a. the physiology of any person may be manipulated in order to alter that person’s sex.
b. social behaviors are believed to be caused by physiological characteristics.
c. the creation of a male or female occurs as the egg and the sperm meet during human reproduction.
d. the interplay of culture and biology is what shapes human behavior.
49. The condition that has generally been called hermaphroditism is now often termed being _____.
a. transgendered
b. intersexed
c. transsexual
d. dichotomized
50. When Bob deviates from the binary (i.e., either male or female) system of gender he is _____.
a. transgendered
b. intersexual
c. sexually differentiated
d. pansexual
51. From a sociological perspective, which of the following is true, regarding sex and gender?
a. Physical differences determine one’s gender.
b. Biology alone does not determine a person’s gender.
c. Gender is completely socially created.
d. There is no relationship between gender and biology.
52. When Barbara was a child, her view of femininity was shaped not only by her family but also the media. The media
is an example of a(n) _____.
a. objective perspective
b. neutral perspective
c. cultural gatekeeper
d. total identity
53. The definition of oneself as a woman or a man is termed one’s _____.
a. gender identity
b. sexuality
c. sexual identity
d. gender attribution
54. Which of these statements regarding social and physical differences between men and women is true?
a. Gender differences are the same in every culture.
b. All perceived differences between men and women are natural and biological.
c. For any given trait, there is as much or more difference within a given gender group as between groups.
d. Biological makeup is more important than social influences in creating differences between men and
women.
55.
Gender identity has a strong impact on how one feels about one’s appearance. Studies of gender identity and body
image have found that
a. among preschool children, girls have lower self-concept related to body image than boys do.
b. in early adolescence boys compare their bodies with others of the same sex more than girls do.
c. by early adolescence girls have lower self-esteem than boys do, due to concerns about their appearance.
d. once men and women reach the stage of being in college, they are equally likely to be dissatisfied with their
bodies.
56. The process of learning the expectations for behavior associated with each sex is called _____.
a. sexual differentiation
b. gender socialization
c. gender polarization
d. sexual norm internalization
57. Which of these statements about gender socialization is false?
a. Gender socialization impacts the self-concepts of both women and men.
b. Gender socialization influences the social and political attitudes of both men and women.
c. Gender socialization shapes the perceptions that men and women have about other people.
d. Gender socialization causes all members of society to conform to gender expectations of society.
58. Gender socialization
a. only affects men and women in their relationships with others.
b. is consistent and uniform for all men and women.
c. influences all aspects of society and daily life.
d. may be completely avoided if a person is conscious of it.
59. Research on the impact of peer relationships on socialization have found that
a. for boys and girls peers reinforce age and racial norms as well as gender expectations.
b. gender norms are applied more strictly to boys than to girls.
c. homophobia serves to reinforce gender norms.
d. All of these choices are true
60. When teachers of either sex respond more to boys (positively and negatively) than to girls, they
a. heighten boys‘ sense of importance.
b. are ignored.
c. create confusion among boys since they are rewarding both conformity and deviance.
d. have little, if any, effect on how boys or girls perceive themselves.