97. The major force behind the most progressive social change in race relations in the U.S. was
a. an upturn is the economy during the 1960s and 1970s.
b. the Civil Rights Movement.
c. the end of the “Cold War.”
d. the “Bakke decision” ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court.
98. The Civil Rights Movement
a. was influenced by the philosophy of Mahatma Mohandas Gandhi.
b. was the first movement working for the rights of African Americans in the U.S.
c. was originally motivated by the establishment of Affirmative Action legislation.
d. was large but ineffective.
99. The landmark Supreme Court case that established that “separate but equal” was unconstitutional was _____.
a. Plessy v. Ferguson
b. Roe v. Wade
c. Brown v. Board of Education
d. none of these
100. The Black Power movement of the late 1960s
a. rejected assimilation.
b. recognized the institutional power that Whites had over Blacks.
c. advocated separatism, under the leadership of Malcolm X.
d. all of the above
101. The generally held primary objection to affirmative action is
a. that it has not been effective.
b. the use of quotas.
c. it doesn’t go far enough to equalize education.
d. the fact that it doesn’t apply to the private sector.
102. _________ is an example of a race-specific policy for reducing job and educational inequality.
a. Racial preference
b. Racial injustice
c. Affirmative action
d. Reverse discrimination
103. Ethnic identity emerges and changes depending upon the social circumstances.
a. True
b. False
104. People considered as the same race may have different ethnic identities.
a. True
b. False
105. The creation of racial categories is a biological process.
a. True
b. False
106. The U.S. Census allows individuals to identify their own race.
a. True
b. False
107. Different groups use different criteria to define racial groups.
a. True
b. False
108. Racial formation is a process undertaken by the most powerful groups in any particular society.
a. True
b. False
109. Ethnic and racial groups are always considered minority groups.
a. True
b. False
110. In the Middle East, race is a salient characteristic that takes priority over religion.
a. True
b. False
111. The salient characteristics used for perceiving race are culturally determined.
a. True
b. False
112. Stereotypes about women tend to be more negative than stereotypes about men.
a. True
b. False
113. After World War II, the media played a role in laissez-faire racism.
a. True
b. False
114. The income gap between Black and Hispanic families and Whites has remained much same over time .
a. True
b. False
115.
From a sociological perspective, someone who says that they do not notice other people’s race may still
be considered racist.
a. True
b. False
116. Members of the dominant group must be intentionally prejudiced and discriminating in order to have power over
members of a minority group.
a. True
b. False
117. The primary cause of racial inequality in the U.S. is prejudice.
a. True
b. False
118. According to conflict theory, frequent interaction between Whites and minorities will reduce prejudice within
both groups.
a. True
b. False
119. Conflict theory addresses how race and ethnicity are socially constructed.
a. True
b. False
120. The assimilation perspective is still prominent in U.S. sociological thought.
a. True
b. False
121. Native Americans have a low poverty rate in the United States, due to their economic recovery over the last 30
years.
a. True
b. False
122. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was an openly racist act that had been preceded by extensive violence
toward the Chinese.
a. True
b. False
123. More than 40 percent of the world’s Jewish population lives in the United States today.
a. True
b. False
124. WASPs have been a dominant group in American society since Colonial times.
a. True
b. False
125. The purpose of the National Origins Quota Act was to make national immigration policy more equitable across
all groups.
a. True
b. False
126. The Supreme Court decision that ruled “separate but equal” unconstitutional was Brown v. Board of Education in
1954.
a. True
b. False
127. The practice of affirmative action had, at least until now, been upheld as constitutional in the law.
a. True
b. False
128. Describe how one’s ethnic identity may change depending upon the circumstances.
129. Define racialization and provide an example.
130. Explain the concept of out-group homogeneity and give an example.
131. What is the principle of stereotype interchangeability? Give an example.
132. How do sociologists distinguish between prejudice and discrimination?
133. Explain what is meant by the intersection perspective on prejudice and racism. How is it a variety of conflict
theory?
134. Compare and contrast de jure segregation and de facto segregation.
135. How does institutional racism differ from other forms of racism?
136. Explain how the terms Latino/Latina, Native American, and Asian, obscure group differences by using examples
from their history in the United States.
137. Describe the civil rights strategy.
138. Explain the characteristics of a racial or ethnic minority group.
139. How do people become prejudiced? Explain prejudice and socialization from a sociological perspective; include
specific information and examples wherever you can.
140. Explain the difference between the different forms of racism. How do old-fashioned racism, laissez-faire racism,
and color-blind racism differ from each other?
141. Compare and contrast the psychological theories of prejudice with the sociological theories of prejudice.
142. Explain the differences between functionalist and conflict theories of prejudice and racism. Name and describe a
specific type of theory within each perspective.
143. Explain the difference between assimilation and cultural pluralism.
144. Discuss the distinctive history of the Vietnamese in the U.S. Where are Vietnamese likely found? Why?
145. Explain how the concept of ethnic enclaves relates to the experience of Middle Easterners in the U.S.
146. Discuss the how the White Ethnic experience in the U.S. differed from that of the dominant white population.
147. Explain how racial discrimination operates in in the housing industry.
148. Hispanics have the least Internet access of all racial groups.
a. True
b. False
149. The scapegoat theory of prejudice suggests that prejudice originates when groups direct their frustrations about
their own social and economic difficulties at members of minority groups.
a. True
b. False
150. Compare the distinctions between gender, cultural, class, and racial stereotypes.
151. Discuss the consequences of the digital racial divide.
152. The Civil Rights movement has little influence on the rights of women, disabled people, the aged, and other groups.
a. True
b. False
153. Negative prejudice toward another group is often accompanied by positive prejudice in favor of one’s own
group.
a. True
b. False
154. Traditional racism is declining in society.
a. True
b. False