61. Afundamentalconceptforusingone’ssociologicalimaginationisthedistinctionthatMillsmadebetween
a. mechanical and organic solidarity.
b. troubles and issues.
c. the gemeinschaft and the gesellschaft.
d. social status and social dynamics.
62. Sociologists refer to the organized patterns of social relationships and social institutions that make up society as the
_____.
a. social viewpoint
b. sociological perspective
c. social structure
d. interactionist perspective
63. According to Mills, the specific task of sociology is to
a. expose the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie.
b. help individuals solve their problems.
c. comprehend human society and its influence on the lives of human beings.
d.
promote the use of “verstehen” to understand social behavior from the point of view of those who engage
in it.
64. The goal of sociologists is to study controversial topics with an open mind, even if this results in the discovery of
“inconvenient” or disturbing information. An example of an inconvenient fact presented in the text is that
a. same-sex couples are more likely to be interracial than heterosexual couples.
b. the number of rapes and attempted rapes has decreased in recent decades.
c. a majority of women in prison are mothers.
d. all of these are inconvenient facts presented in the text
65. Peter Berger called the process whereby sociologists question actions and ideas that are usually taken for granted
_____
a. “unveiling.”
b. “verstehen.”
c. “objectification.”
d. “debunking.”
66. Using the sociological perspective to debunk the assumptions of the education system reveals that schools
a. are primarily a way for students to learn and get ahead.
b. provide opportunity for all students.
c. teach some children their place within society.
d. give girls much more attention than boys.
67. ​
Georg Simmel was particularly interested in the role of “strangers” in social groups. According to Simmel,
strangers have a unique perspective because while they are part of the group they also have _____.
a. their own emotional responses
b. debunking
c. critical distance
d. functionalism
68. What is the sociological approach to diversity in society?
a. Sociologists believe that people are shaped by the social context around them.
b. Sociologists like to study the unusual.
c. According to sociologists, diversity seems to be disappearing.
d. Sociologists study mostly racial diversity.
69. When group differences are created by the social structure of society, sociologists refer to this as _____.
a. social institutions
b. critical distance
c. diversity
d. in-groups and out-groups
70. Within sociology, the concept of diversity
a. applies only to different cultural orientations.
b. encompasses a global perspective.
c. is focused exclusively on different groups within the U.S.
d. is not considered one of the most important concepts for study.
71. Sociology first emerged as a discipline in _____.
a. the United States
b. western Europe
c. South America
d. eastern Europe
72. The Enlightenment had an enormous influence on the development of modern sociology. The Enlightenment
a. occurred in Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
b. is also known as the Age of Reason.
c. refers to the period of renewed faith in God and religion.
d. occurred first among the lower and working classes.
73. The Enlightenment had an enormous influence on the development of modern sociology because it was
characterized by
a. the spread of socialism.
b. the influence of religion as a system of authority and law.
c. faithintheabilityofhumanreasontosolvesociety’sproblems.
d. an emphasis on the supernatural.
74. Positivism refers to
a. thinking very optimistically about society.
b. beingverycertainofone’sresearchmethods.
c. a belief system first suggested by Emile Durkheim.
d. scientific observation and description as the highest forms of knowledge.
75. Alexis de Tocqueville and Harriet Martineau were alike in that both were
a. abolitionists who feared that slavery would tear a society apart.
b. feminists who were concerned about the subordination of women.
c. interested in studying the newly emerging culture in America.
d. symbolic interactionists.
76. Harriet Martineau was an early sociologist and a British citizen. Her book, Society in America
a. was overlooked for many years.
b. quickly became a classic in sociological study.
c. has never really been evaluated by sociologists.
d. made no real contribution to the field of sociology.
77. Harriet Martineau’s book, How to Observe Morals and Manners, was the first
a. to discuss observing behavior while participating in the situation.
b. field study of folkways and mores.
c. in-depth analysis of democratic culture.
d. co-authored manuscript involving Auguste Comte.
78. According to Emile Durkheim,
a. deviance has no place in a “healthy” society.
b. people in society are held together by belief systems.
c. the best theoretical approach to the study of society is social conflict theory.
d. the economic system has the most important influence on human thought and behavior.
79. Durkheim conceptualized social facts as
a. one’spersonaldrivesandmotivations.
b. social patterns that are external to individuals.
c. the embodiment of sui generis.
d. the direct outgrowth of our biological drives.
80. Marx’sworkwasdevotedtoexplaining
a. the social basis of human behavior.
b. the social laws that governed human behavior.
c. how capitalism shaped society.
d. how to observe social behavior while participating in it.
81. According to Marx, capitalism is based on
a. social solidarity and cohesion.
b. profit and private property.
c. a communal political system.
d. a rejection of industrialization.
82. Which of the following statements about Marx is true?
a. Marx focused more on individuals than social structure in his analysis of society.
b. Marx considered all of society to be shaped by economic forces.
c. AlimitationofMarx’sworkwashisfailuretorecognizetheeffectsofclassonsocialbehavior.
d. Marx’sevolutionaryconceptofsocietaldevelopmentandchangeisalmostidenticaltothatofDurkheim’s.
83. According to Marx, the beliefs of the common people tend to support the interests of the capitalist system, not
the workers themselves. This is because
a. workers do not understand how capitalism works.
b. workers expect to be wealthy on day.
c. the capitalist class controls the production of ideas.
d. all of these are true
84. Marx’sperspectiveofsocietyarguedthat
a. capitalists do not own the actual system by which goods are produced and distributed.
b. workers receive a fair share of the profits that they help create.
c. profit is produced through the exploitation of the working class.
d. while capitalists control the production of goods, they do not control the production of ideas.
85. While Marx saw economics as the organizing influence on society, Weber focused on
a. three dimensions: political, economic, and cultural.
b. primarily the political system.
c. problems of cultural diversity.
d. two dimensions: the personal and the political.
86. Weber theorized that value-free sociology could not exist since values would always influence what sociologists
considered worthy of study. Because they could not be completely value-free, Weber believed that sociologists
should
a. not worry about whether or not their research is biased.
b. use their research to promote particular political perspectives.
c. acknowledge the influence of values and try to be as objective as possible.
d. avoid research and stick to theoretical writing.
87. Weber was concerned with the responsibility of sociologists. He stated that sociologists should
a. use their research to promote particular political positions.
b. teach students the uncomfortable truth about the world.
c. avoid examining unpopular opinions and views.
d. theorize without trying to be empirical.
88. AnimportantconceptinWeber’ssociologyisverstehen which refers to:
a. approaching the study of society from a value-free perspective.
b. a focus on the political systems of society.
c. viewing social behavior from the perspective of those engaged in it.
d. social action.
89. According to the text, a significant difference between the early American sociologists and their European
counterparts was that the American sociologists were more _____.
a. theoretical
b. practical
c. free-thinking
d. academic
90. According to Social Darwinists,
a. the “survival of the fittest” is the driving force of social evolution.
b. social reform was essential for the protection of the poorest members of society.
c. the evolution of society would always create more social problems.
d. “social engineering” was necessary for society to meet the needs of its members.
91. The type of applied sociological thinking that focused on how society shaped the mind and identity of people was
called _____.
a. the Chicago School
b. the Social Darwinist School
c. classical European theory
d. the organic metaphor
92. The Chicago School sociologist who was a leader in the settlement house movement and who did systematic
research geared toward improving the lives of the dispossessed groups within the city was:
a. Jane Addams.
b. Robert Park.
c. Lester Ward.
d. George Herbert Mead.
93. Ida B. Wells-Barnett was an early sociologist whose contributions to the field have only recently been examined.
She is best known for her work
a. on the design of cities.
b. aimed at improving the lives of urban immigrants and the homeless.
c. in the anti-lynching movement.
d. with the NAACP.
94. What is the purpose of sociological theory?
a. To make sociology seem more academic
b. To organize and interpret observations
c. To provide a way to do sociology without having to conduct research
d. To describe what sociology is
95. Theoretical frameworks that strive to understand society as a whole are called _____.
a. macrosociology
b. microsociology
c. theories of the middle range
d. universalistic sociology
96. Theoretical frameworks that center on face-to-face social interaction are categorized as _____.
a. macrosociology
b. microsociology
c. theories of the middle range
d. universalistic sociology
97. _____ interprets each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the stability of society as a whole.
a. Functionalism
b. Conflict theory
c. Symbolic interaction
d. Positivism
98. At its most basic level, the function of the family is _____.
a. emotional support
b. reproduction
c. marriage
d. economic support
99. Functionalism emphasizes all of the following except
a. the consensus that exists in society.
b. the order that exists in society.
c. shared public values.
d. the role of coercion and power.
100. Merton called the unintended consequences of behavior _____ functions.
a. latent
b. manifest
c. hidden
d. indirect
101. From a functionalist perspective, unequal distribution of resources
a. is a reflection of who has the most power to decide how resources are distributed.
b. is fair because some roles are more important to society than others.
c. does not occur.
d. is not fair since everyone has an important role to play in society.
102. Critics of functionalism argue that it:
a. failstoemphasizethefactthatsociety’scomponentpartsworktogetherasawholesystem.
b. places too much emphasis on social stability, and overlooks the roles of power and conflict in society.
c. is too microsociological in its approach.