“Rape, Racism and the Law” Jennifer Wriggins
Wriggins argues that the legal system’s treatment of rape has furthered racism and has
denied the reality of women’s sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of
rape in the U.S. has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both
White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.
The history of rape in the US has focused on the rape of:
a. White women by White men
b. Black women by White men
c. Black women by Black men
d. White women by Black men
“The Construction of Black Masculinity: White Supremacy Now and Then,” Abby
L. Ferber
Ferber examines the problematic perception of Black males in a White supremacist
system. She argues that perceptions today as athletic figures are informed by past
slave-associated stereotypes as being physically adept but unintelligent, and having an
animalistic, hypersexual nature. Previous justification of these statements was based
upon incorrect biological assumptions, but is now attributed to Black culture. Ferber
presents these modern stereotypes being heavily rooted in professional athletics, with
their presentation as strong “bad boys”, but largely under the control of White
quarterbacks in football, or White coaches in other sports. These issues are also seen as
a way for White populations to justify their power and control, by blaming
shortcomings not as a product of institutionalized racism, but as the fault of Black
culture.
According to Feber, our society uses Black males as entertainment but
a. treats them with fear
b. treats them with respect
c. holds them in contempt
d. disregards them
“Health and Wealth: Our Appalling Health Inequality Reflects and Reinforces
Society’s Other Gaps,” Lawrence R. Jacobs and James A. Morone
Jacobs and Morone address the relatively low ranking of the United States relative to
other countries on issues influencing life chances, particularly those relevant to health
and longevity. They note disparities within the United States based on wealth, and
identify three causes of health woes including poverty, inequality, and the organization
of the health care system. They conclude that while other countries have followed
“three paths to good health” the United States has supported public policies that
compromise the health of most of its citizens.
Which of the following is NOT included by Jacobs and Morone as one of the “three
paths to good health” followed by other industrial countries?
a. universal health care
b. investment in education
c. tax cuts
d. maintaining taxes, instead of cutting taxes
“A Different Mirror,” Ronald T. Takaki
Through personal reflection and historical summaries, Ronald T. Takaki explores
multicultural America. As a Japanese American, Takaki argues that the historical and
cultural influence of the Japanese, as well as other racial and ethnic groups, on
American culture is largely unrecognized. The contributions of racial and ethnic groups
must be acknowledged to fully appreciate the true essence of American identity.
Takaki illustrates how despite historical similarities, racial and ethnic groups have been
pitted against one another, and their historical presence denied. Yet, he points out, their
influences and contributions to society are evident everywhere. He argues that
recognizing the value of their experiences allows for an enlightened understanding of
our common history and the tensions and struggles evident among racial and ethnic
groups today.
According to Takaki’s analysis of history, America:
a. only recently became multicultural.
b. has always been multicultural.
c. has been influenced by only the European settlers.
d. has maintained a homogeneous populace.
“Our Mothers’ Grief: Racial-Ethnic Women and the Maintenance of Families,”
Bonnie Thornton Dill
Bonnie Thornton Dill broadens the dominant perspective of American families through
this historical analysis of racial-ethnic women and their families. She demonstrates how
the establishment of the “modern American family” ideal and expectations of racial and
ethnic groups as sources of cheap labor created distinct familial experiences among
women of various racial-ethnic groups in early America
Mexican American families have been negatively affected by:
a. colonization.
b. the loss of Mexican-owned land through the inability to document ownership.
c. the transient jobs in which they were employed.
d. all of these answers are correct
“Is Capitalism Gendered and Racialized?” Joan Acker
Capitalism has been dominated by white males and built by a subordinated gender and
race segregated labor force. It has been buttressed by a largely unpaid force of
caregivers who are primarily female. These gender and race divisions of labor still exist
and are global in scope. Furthermore, capitalist endeavors are gendered in that
hegemonic masculinities define dominant values in the norms of corporate conduct.
Hegemonic masculinity is:
a. the form of masculinity attributed to those men who hold power.
b. the way men naturally act.
c. the way all men learn to act.
d. the way men in subordinate positions are supposed to act with men who have power
over them.
“Rape, Racism and the Law” Jennifer Wriggins
Wriggins argues that the legal system’s treatment of rape has furthered racism and has
denied the reality of women’s sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of
rape in the U.S. has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both
White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.
The rape of Black women by White men during slavery was commonplace and was
used as a crucial weapon of White supremacy. White men had what has been referred to
as _________________ Black women.
a. special doctrinal rules for
b. institutionalized access to
c. legal lynching access
d. statutory penalties against
“The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria,” Judith Ortiz
Cofer
In her essay,Judith Ortiz Cofer offers her experience as a Puerto Rican woman. She
discusses how cultural differences have singled her out as a target of stereotypes,
disapproval, and inappropriate treatment by members of mainstream society. Cofer
recognizes the voice her education has given her, and she uses it to open others up to
her culture and experiences.
In “The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria,” Judith Ortiz
Cofer dispels stereotypes by explaining:
a. slang words.
b. terminology.
c. gender differences.
d. cultural differences.
“Closing the Wealth Gap: A Review of Racial and Ethnic Inequalities in
Homeownership,” Meghan Kuebler
The American Dream of wealth has been historically closely linked to the ability to own
a home. Kuebler discusses how owning a home (and yard or associated property) has
long been the symbol of achieving the American Dream in society and as a symbol of
success. The benefits, including investment in tangible wealth, text breaks, and a chance
for assimilation for minorities have been touted for a number of years. The reality is,
however, that minorities have had fewer opportunities to become homeowners. The
effect of “White flight” on what property is owned by Blacks has a detrimental effect on
homeownership, receiving less of the benefits that Whites receive. Hispanic
homeownership differs from group to group, but is still subject to discrimination as far
as ability to receive mortgages, and thus their level of home ownership is low. Asian
Americans have higher rates of homeownership than other ethnic and racial groups
(though still less than Whites), but up to 20 percent of them reported suffering from
discrimination when attempting to purchase a home.
Compared to Whites, Blacks
a. earn home equity slower
b. earn less overall home equity
c. have a greater risk of returning to renting
d. all of these choices are correct
“Affirming Identity in an Era of School Desegregation,” Beverly Tatum
Tatum examines the unintended side effects of school desegregation in the United
States, with an emphasis on the differences in identity between Black students and
White teachers. With the growth of affirmative action programs, Black college students
saw the education field as dwindling in opportunities and began to focus more on
business administration programs, resulting in a low number of Black school teachers.
The effect is most pronounced in urban schools, with White female teachers comprising
between 65 and 76 percent, while students of color total around 76 percent. Tatum
expresses concern at the disconnect between the two groups, and fears that resentment
and mistrust between them severely undermines both education and allowing students
to maintain their identity. At the same time, Tatum discusses that White children with
largely White teachers are unable to gain a deeper understanding of students of color.
Besides a more diverse workforce, she suggests better training to develop a richer
understanding of the students of color they will work with.
The most significant cultural mismatch between students and teachers is in _________
school districts
a. suburban
b. rural
c. urban
d. both rural and urban
“The Construction of Black Masculinity: White Supremacy Now and Then,” Abby
L. Ferber
Ferber examines the problematic perception of Black males in a White supremacist
system. She argues that perceptions today as athletic figures are informed by past
slave-associated stereotypes as being physically adept but unintelligent, and having an
animalistic, hypersexual nature. Previous justification of these statements was based
upon incorrect biological assumptions, but is now attributed to Black culture. Ferber
presents these modern stereotypes being heavily rooted in professional athletics, with
their presentation as strong “bad boys”, but largely under the control of White
quarterbacks in football, or White coaches in other sports. These issues are also seen as
a way for White populations to justify their power and control, by blaming
shortcomings not as a product of institutionalized racism, but as the fault of Black
culture.
Ferber’s argument that celebrating ______________ helps to assure White people that
racism is no longer an issue.
a. Black athletes
b. Black artists
c. Hispanic athletes
d. Black teachers
“Multicultural Training Intervention to Address American Indian Stereotypes,”
Jesse A. Steinfeldt and Matthew Clint Steinfeldt
This article approaches the topic of American Indian stereotypes, specifically in the
realm of sports, from a counseling and training perspective. Beginning with an
illustration of the topic: applying stereotypes of other races, religions, and ethnicities
into a sports context, the authors present their program for increasing sensitivity and
awareness to this growing issue. The process begins with multicultural awareness into
multicultural knowledge, in which the reasons why American Indian imagery is
problematic compared to others. Using the Minnesota Vikings as a point of comparison,
the difference is shown to be that the Vikings do not represent a currently existing group
(unlike American Indian tribes), and that other stereotypes do not fully represent an
ethnicity, unlike the broad application of American Indian stereotypes. Finally, ways to
develop skills in social justice and understanding these situations in other contexts are
provided.
When did the American Counseling Association (ACA) officially condemn the use of
Native American mascots?
a. 1989
b. 1992
c. 1998
d. 2001
“Living “Illegal”: The Human Face of Unauthorized Immigration”, Marie
Friedmann Marquardt, Timothy J. Steigenga, Philip J. Williams, and Manuel A.
Vsquez
Marquardt, Steigenga, Williams and Vsquez focus on the way “illegal aliens” were
portrayed during the 2010 midterm elections. The focus on perceived dangerousness
and claims of social security benefits and economic perks that these groups receive was
used to build public opinion against them. Four broad claims are outlined that are made
regarding unauthorized immigration: they flood across the U.S./Mexico border to take
advantage of public benefits, they are a burden on the economy, they are closely
connected with crime and drugs, and they cannot be integrated into our society. The
concern of local law enforcement often being at the front lines of enforcing immigration
policy is also discussed, focusing how this is a problem in an increasingly privately run
penal system.
The majority of unauthorized immigrants who are detained in Cobb County, Georgia
were there for
a. Violent crimes
b. Traffic violations
c. Fraudulent documentation
d. Property crimes
“Growing Food and Justice: Dismantling Racism through Systainable Food
Systems,” Alfonso Morales
Morales’ piece centers on a specific program: the Growing Food and Justice for All
Initiative (GFJI), but as a whole addresses the issues of racism and classism as it relates
to food. He traces the pattern that, over the past 50 years, supermarkets have
consolidated from smaller neighborhood markets into larger, massive spaces that tend
to be centered mostly in higher profit, higher socioeconomic status areas. One of these
consequences is that the smaller neighborhood markets that are left in lower income
areas have a more limited supply of healthier, fresh food items, and that they are priced
higher than their suburban counterparts. GFJI is an organization that promotes
sustainable agricultural and community food security organizations to help urban
neighborhoods become more self-sufficient and able to access healthier foods than what
is provided at other supermarkets.
In 1914, there were _____ grocery stores per square mile in the United States?
a. 12
b. 25
c. 40
d. 50
“Multicultural Training Intervention to Address American Indian Stereotypes,”
Jesse A. Steinfeldt and Matthew Clint Steinfeldt
This article approaches the topic of American Indian stereotypes, specifically in the
realm of sports, from a counseling and training perspective. Beginning with an
illustration of the topic: applying stereotypes of other races, religions, and ethnicities
into a sports context, the authors present their program for increasing sensitivity and
awareness to this growing issue. The process begins with multicultural awareness into
multicultural knowledge, in which the reasons why American Indian imagery is
problematic compared to others. Using the Minnesota Vikings as a point of comparison,
the difference is shown to be that the Vikings do not represent a currently existing group
(unlike American Indian tribes), and that other stereotypes do not fully represent an
ethnicity, unlike the broad application of American Indian stereotypes. Finally, ways to
develop skills in social justice and understanding these situations in other contexts are
provided.
Why is it seen that a sports team such as the Minnesota Vikings have an acceptable
name while the Cleveland Indians do not
a. Vikings were a European people
b. Vikings are people from the past, so the perception is not of modern Norwegians and
Scandinavians
c. Scandinavian people overwhelmingly support using the name
d. The name Minnesota Vikings is also problematic
“Health and Wealth: Our Appalling Health Inequality Reflects and Reinforces
Society’s Other Gaps,” Lawrence R. Jacobs and James A. Morone
Jacobs and Morone address the relatively low ranking of the United States relative to
other countries on issues influencing life chances, particularly those relevant to health
and longevity. They note disparities within the United States based on wealth, and
identify three causes of health woes including poverty, inequality, and the organization
of the health care system. They conclude that while other countries have followed
“three paths to good health” the United States has supported public policies that
compromise the health of most of its citizens.
Which of the following is NOT included by Jacobs and Morone as one of the “three
interrelated causes” of health troubles in the United States:
a. poverty
b. inequality
c. personal choices, like poor eating habits and drug and alcohol abuse
d. the organization of the health care system
“Sex and Gender Through the Prism of Difference,” Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner
Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner present a new
framework of the study of gender. The “prism of difference” they describe broadens the
traditional view of gender by recognizing the influences of social locations other than
gender, and hierarchical systems other than patriarchy. This new perspective
encompasses the experiences of all women, not just those defined as middle class white
women, new views on men and masculinity, and the consideration of gender within a
global perspective. The authors argue that by looking at gender through a “prism,”
instead of a patchwork of other factors, such as class, race, national identity, age, etc.,
the differences and inequalities recognized among both women and men will serve to
expand our understanding of gender.
The authors of “Gender Through the Prism of Difference,” argue that traditional
women’s
studies ignored the experiences of women who:
a. were homemakers.
b. were married.
c. were not white and from the middle class.
d. were middle class and educated.
“Our Mothers’ Grief: Racial-Ethnic Women and the Maintenance of Families,”
Bonnie Thornton Dill
Bonnie Thornton Dill broadens the dominant perspective of American families through
this historical analysis of racial-ethnic women and their families. She demonstrates how
the establishment of the “modern American family” ideal and expectations of racial and
ethnic groups as sources of cheap labor created distinct familial experiences among
women of various racial-ethnic groups in early America
According to Dill, which of the following is true with regard to African American
families of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
a. Slave owners controlled the cohesion of slave families.
b. After emancipation, African American women were expected to take their position
within the private sphere of the home.
c. Slave labor mirrored labor divisions among White men and women.
d. all of these answers are correct
“Is This A White Country, or What?” Lillian Rubin
Lillian Rubin demonstrates the links between economic competition, racial prejudice,
and the anti-immigration sentiments expressed by working class whites. Rubin points
out that while there is a long history of racial hostility toward immigrant groups in
America, the limited employment opportunities and the darker skin tones of recent
immigrants have intensified these hostilities. Racism and nativism, according to Rubin,
is apparent in Whites’ views of recent immigrants and people of color. The visibility of
and the demands for recognition expressed by these groups are seen as threats to whites’
economic livelihood and their understanding of America. Rubin’s interviews with
working class Whites illustrate this point, as well as two contradictions evident in
Whites’ attitudes toward immigrants and people of color: Whites resent the unity of
these groups, yet they exclude them from dominant society. Whites criticize members
of these groups for their perceived failures as well as their successes. Rubin asserts that
Whites have begun to reclaim their ethnic heritage as a way to secure what they see as
their hard earned position of privilege in American society.
According to “Is This A White Country, or What?” Whites:
a. resent the unity of immigrants and people of color, yet they exclude them from the
dominant society.
b. recognize the racial hostilities their ancestors faced.
c. view immigration as culturally enriching.
d. welcome immigrants who remind them of their ancestors.
“Straight is to Gay as Family is to No Family,” Kath Weston
This essay presents a distinct dichotomy that depicts the establishment and maintenance
of family and extended kin in the gay and straight world. Weston delineates a path of
rejection, isolation and loneliness from straight families as gay persons attempt to
establish individual identities. In addressing misperceptions surrounding gay life, this
essay also introduces alternative approaches to the establishment and cultivation of
family life.
According to Weston, a lesbian or gay identity has been portrayed as a rejection of:
a. the family and a departure from kinship.
b. dominant society values.
c. the community.
d. freedom.
“Movement Intersectionality: The Case of Race, Gender, Disability, and Genetic
Technologies,” Dorothy Roberts and Sujatha Jesudason
Roberts and Jesudason shift the issue of intersectionality to examine issues of genetics
and reproductive technologies. They do this by examining the work of Generations
Ahead, a social justice organization that protects human rights as related to reproductive
justice. Their perspective is that differences between people should be acknowledged
and respected, not to separate but to recognize the heterogeneity that exists in society
amongst marginalized groups. The concern that reproductive technologies, as well as
genetic screenings, may be implemented in ways that punish some groups more than
others, such as the perception of Black and Latina women as being hypersexual and
hyperfertile. They conclude that reproductive autonomy should apply to anyone looking
to have children, including children who may have disabilities. Policy advocacy should
also be focused upon providing support to all women, families, and communities, and
not argue about when life begins or who can become a parent.
According to Crenshaw, as cited in Roberts and Jesudason, the ___________ of
examining discrimination erases the experience of some groups
a. single axis
b. double axis
c. intersectional
d. intrasectional
“Representations of Latina/o Sexuality in Popular Culture,” Deborah R. Vargas
This article examines the way in which Latinos and Latinas are portrayed in popular
culture, with an emphasis on how their sexuality is exaggerated or diminished as being
“different” than that associated with the prevalent White culture. Latino men portrayed
as “Latin lovers” has been a stereotype used for much of the past century, and actors
who took on those roles found themselves unable to escape that single personality. An
emphasis on hypermasculinity to the point of parody has also been used too often.
Latinas, however, are often presented in a dichotomous way as either the virgin or
mother, or the prostitute, with little in between. The suggestion is rather
straightforward: to present Latinos and Latinas in a more realistic, diverse manner in
popular culture rather than relying on old clichs.
How does Deborah R. Vargas suggest policy affecting Latinos and Latinas be changed?
a. by more heterogeneous representation of Latino/Latina sexualities
b. by avoiding presentations of Latino/Latina sexuality altogether
c. by keeping things as they are now and just allowing natural evolution
d. none of these choices are correct
“How a Scholarship Girl Becomes a Soldier: The Militarization of Latina/o Youth
in Chicago Public Schools,” Gina Perez
Gina Perez explores the complicated relationship between young Latina/o students in
Chicago and the U.S. military. Perez argues that in addition to limited economic
opportunities, gendered understandings of autonomy, family obligations, honor and
respectability influence, how young people respond to the increasingly militarized
educational context.
Studies of Chicago have found that _______________of the jobs requiring only a high
school diploma pay a living wage for a family with dependent children:
a. 50%
b. none
c. all
d. 80%
“Gender Matters. So Do Race And Class: Experiences of Gendered Racism on the
Wal-Mart Shop Floor,” Sandra E. Weissinger
Sandra Weissinger examined complaints made in the Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc.
class action lawsuit to understand the specific ways that individuals who are targeted
for mistreatment experience mistreatment in raced, classed and gendered ways. She
documents the unequal treatment that women receive in comparison to men, but shows
that some women hold contradictory positions. A given woman who is targeted for her
gender may be given some privilege linked to her race, thus yielding different outcomes
for different women. She argues that discrimination based on sex alone does not explain
the variation in women’s experiences.
She concludes that discriminatory work atmospheres are maintained in multiple and
complex ways, contributing to the persistence of “a web of intersecting and relational
inequalities.”
Ms. Gina Espinoza-Price was _______________six weeks after complaining about
sexual harassment.
a. given a promotion
b. given a raise
c. sued for libel by the manager she accused
d. terminated from her job at Wal-Mart
“Sex and Gender Through the Prism of Difference,” Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner
Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner present a new
framework of the study of gender. The “prism of difference” they describe broadens the
traditional view of gender by recognizing the influences of social locations other than
gender, and hierarchical systems other than patriarchy. This new perspective
encompasses the experiences of all women, not just those defined as middle class white
women, new views on men and masculinity, and the consideration of gender within a
global perspective. The authors argue that by looking at gender through a “prism,”
instead of a patchwork of other factors, such as class, race, national identity, age, etc.,
the differences and inequalities recognized among both women and men will serve to
expand our understanding of gender.
In “Gender Through the Prism of Difference,” Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner present:
a. an argument for the polarization of men and women.
b. a new framework for the study of gender.
c. an argument against the inclusion of men in the study of gender.
d. an argument against a consideration of race and class as part of gendered experience.
“Gender, Race, and Urban Policing: The Experience of African American
Youths,” Rod K. Brunson and Jody Miller
Brunson and Miller turn their focus to the experiences of young Black women in the
inner city, as opposed to the focus usually placed on young Black men. In general,
young women face more criminal justice contacts for minor infractions compared to
young men, but also punitive treatment than young White women experience. Research
shows that urban communities with poverty and racial segregation are more often the
target of police misconduct, aggressive strategies, and under-responsive policing, which
builds a sense of resentment and cynicism to the legal system. Brunson and Miller
surveyed and interviewed a total of 35 young African American women and 40 young
African American men with regard to their experience with law enforcement. Males
overall reported more harassment when not participating in any delinquent behavior,
while women were more often stopped and questioned for minor curfew infractions.
Physical violence was more prevalent with young men than young women.
Areas with high levels of poverty and minority racial segregation are subject to all but
which of the following policing strategies:
a. police misconduct
b. technological surveillance
c. drug and gang suppression efforts
d. under-responsive policing
“Sex and Gender Through the Prism of Difference,” Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner
Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner present a new
framework of the study of gender. The “prism of difference” they describe broadens the
traditional view of gender by recognizing the influences of social locations other than
gender, and hierarchical systems other than patriarchy. This new perspective
encompasses the experiences of all women, not just those defined as middle class white
women, new views on men and masculinity, and the consideration of gender within a
global perspective. The authors argue that by looking at gender through a “prism,”
instead of a patchwork of other factors, such as class, race, national identity, age, etc.,
the differences and inequalities recognized among both women and men will serve to
expand our understanding of gender.
The “prism of difference,” set forth by Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo,
and Michael Messner, illustrates the fact that:
a. no one is defined by gender alone.
b. we are blind to differences.
c. women do not perform as well as men in math.
d. the relationship between women and men is defined within the confines of an
oppressive system.
“A Dream Deferred: Undocumented Students at CUNY,” Carolina Bank Munoz
Carolina Bank Munoz argues that contemporary immigration policy ignores structural
conditions that force people to migrate to the United States. These policies, she argues,
seek individual solutions to structural problems, thereby unfairly denying college
education to undocumented students. Many undocumented students came here as
children with parents who obtained visas that eventually expired. Under current policies
it is difficult for these students to obtain documentation. The author advocates for
passage of the Dream Act, which would make it easier for students to obtain
documentation. Documentation would not only increase the life chances of the students,
but would also assure that this country does not lose “a generation of extraordinarily
bright and talented students…”
College recruitment of undocumented students is essential to increasing their:
a. income.
b. life chances.
c. aspirations for success.
d. chances of returning to their home countries.
“Affirming Identity in an Era of School Desegregation,” Beverly Tatum
Tatum examines the unintended side effects of school desegregation in the United
States, with an emphasis on the differences in identity between Black students and
White teachers. With the growth of affirmative action programs, Black college students
saw the education field as dwindling in opportunities and began to focus more on
business administration programs, resulting in a low number of Black school teachers.
The effect is most pronounced in urban schools, with White female teachers comprising
between 65 and 76 percent, while students of color total around 76 percent. Tatum
expresses concern at the disconnect between the two groups, and fears that resentment
and mistrust between them severely undermines both education and allowing students
to maintain their identity. At the same time, Tatum discusses that White children with
largely White teachers are unable to gain a deeper understanding of students of color.
Besides a more diverse workforce, she suggests better training to develop a richer
understanding of the students of color they will work with.
Of the teachers in the United States, how many are African American?
a. 7.5%
b. 10.2%
c. 15.6%
d. 17.2%
“Media Magic: Making Class Invisible,” Gregory Mantsios
Gregory Mantsios examines the way media misrepresents social class by creating an
illusion of an egalitarian society and thereby hiding social and economic inequalities.
Mantsios argues that the media creates a false sense of universal membership in the
middle class. He claims that the working and middle classes come to fear and hold the
poor responsible for their hardships while remaining blind to the damage the upper
class inflicts on society.
According to Gregory Mantsios in “Media Magic: Making Class Invisible,” the
media creates:
a. the illusion of an egalitarian society.
b. an accurate image of the poor, the middle class, and the wealthy.
c. unity among the poor, the middle class, and the wealthy.
d. a double standard.
“The Prison and the Closet,” Patricia Hill Collins
Patricia Hill Collins considers the intersecting relationship between racism and
heterosexism. She argues that the assumption that these two hegemonic ideologies
represent separate systems of oppression obscures the fact that racism and sexism rely
upon each other for meaning. Without sacrificing the acknowledgement of differences
in the way that racism and heterosexism manifest, the author shows that the two
systems converge and that both systems affect the everyday lives of all people.
Racism and heterosexism use similar mechanisms to maintain:
a. racial and sexual hierarchies
b. race and class hierarchies
c. discrimination in education
d. prejudice