The totality of research on the effect of dropping out of high school indicates one fact –
high school dropouts face a significant chance of entering a criminal career.
a. True
b. False
A contested election is generally defined as a civil war fought between nationalists and
a sovereign power, or between the existing government and local groups over issues of
ideology and power.
a. True
b. False
Ethan Nedelmann argues that drugs should be legalized because
a. legalization will increase the price of drugs making it too costly for people to use
drugs.
b. the use of mood-altering substances is customary in almost all human societies.
c. taxes the government could charge on drugs would help pay for drug prevention and
treatment.
d. if mood-altering drugs were legal, juveniles would be less likely to use them.
Of the many criminal acts perpetrated by Ariel Castro, which offense was he likely to
have committed from the list below?
a. pedophilia
b. frotteurism
c. sadomasochism
d. exhibitionism
Mr. Smith is really concerned that Todd will drop out of school because he has no
guidance at home. Mr. Smith is also concerned Todd’s criminal record will make it
impossible for Todd to find a job. Todd’s problems are an example of:
a. cumulative disadvantage
b. latent traits
c. social capital
d. turning points
_____strategies rely on the punishment of individual offenders to deter other would-be
violators.
a. Deterrence
b. Compellence
c. Aggressive
d. Proactive
According to Freud’s version of psychodynamic theory, the human personality has a
twopart structure: the id and
the ego
a. True
b. False
Jack found out that major employers in his community are establishing themselves in
foreign markets. While Jack understands that this practice may provide jobs to third
world nations he is concerned that this will take jobs away from people in his
community. This practice is most commonly referred to as:
a. globalization
b. instrumentation
c. marginalization
d. innovation
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed_____psychology that has remained a prominent
segment o psychological theory ever since.
a. neurological
b. biosocial
c. generational
d. psychodynamic
Regardless of gender or environment, those who maintain a latent trait may be
predisposed to crime and are in danger of becoming career criminals.
a. True
b. False
Neurophysiology studies twin behavior in order to understand criminality.
a. True
b. False
For the conflict, or interactionist’s view of crime, it is the _______that defines crimes
and their punishments.
a. social contract
b. legal code
c. moral code
d. written code
Brain scanning techniques using electronic images suggest which of the following
statements is true?
a. All criminals have low levels of testosterone.
b. Both violent criminals and substance abusers have impairment in the pre-frontal lobe.
c. Female inmates show lower levels of synopsis activity than men.
d. Latinos have higher rates of androgens in the cerebral cortex than non-Latinos.
____suggests that as the African-American population increases, so does the amount of
social control directed at them. This type of racism could account for the higher rates of
minority crime in UCR data.
a. Police control theory
b. Racial threat theory
c. Racial control theory
d. Police threat theory
Considered the “father of criminology” and the man who referred to offenders as “born
criminals” was
a. Lombroso.
b. Comte.
c. Durkheim.
d. Glueck.
Max is fourteen years old. Late one evening, his parents receive a call that Max stole a
neighbor’s car. According to critical theorists, which approach should be utilized in
order to involve the community in the process of dealing with Max and his crime?
a. left-realism
b. power-control
c. restorative justice
d. supranational justice
Jacob’s and Wright’s research on robbers indicates that target selection can be a rational
choice made to_____ rather than to generate capital.
a. instill rage
b. increase the robber’s reputation
c. send a message
d. generate fear
In 2005, agents of the Chinese group known as Titan Rain were able to penetrate
computers, enter hidden sections of a hard drive, zip up as many files as possible, and
transmit the data to way stations in South Korea, Hong Kong, or Taiwan before sending
them to mainland China. Titan Rain was able to penetrate the Redstone Arsenal
military base and NASA and the U.S. Army’s flightplanning software was electronically
stolen. The Pentagon has issued a report on China, acknowledging that hackers in China
had penetrated the Pentagon’s computer system several
times.
Likely employed by the Chinese Government, members of Titan Rain, on behalf of
China, engaged in
a. cyberwarfare
b. cybervandalism
c. cybertheft
d. cyberterrorism
There is only one type of rapist.
a. True
b. False
When members of the lower-class are unable to achieve symbols of success via
conventional means they feel anger, frustration, and resentment. These feelings are
collectively referred to as
a. focal concerns.
b. aggression.
c. siege mentality.
d. strain.
The reporting accuracy of self-report studies is impacted by
a. the “missing cases” phenomenon.
b. the “overreporting” phenomenon
c. the ‘small cohort” phenomenon
d. the “known group” phenomenon
Which view of crime sees society as a collection of diverse groups who are in a
constant and continuing struggle to gain political power in order to advance their
economic or social situation?
a. the consensus view of crime
b. the conflict view of crime
c. the interactionist view of crime
d. the legalistic view of crime
What is the result of ineffective community social control efforts?
a. Mutual trust increases.
b. Neighborhood cohesiveness strengthens.
c. Crime rates increase.
d. Siege mentality decreases.
Gladwin Gill apparently was motivated to contribute illegally to campaigns in the hopes
of gaining advantages for his home hospice business. Gill’s political crime falls into
which category?
a. Organizational
b. Occupational
c. Independent
d. Relational
Which of the following factors has been the most stable indicator of criminal
likelihood?
a. age
b. income
c. race/ethnicity
d. temperature
Harry was expelled from school one day after he was caught bullying another
classmate. Harry’s actions are consistent with which pathway?
a. authority avoidance
b. authority conflict
c. covert
d. overt
Which of the following is an example of a nationalist terrorist group?
a. ETA of Spain
b. al Qaeda
c. the Animal Liberation Front
d. Shining Path or Peru
According to the research on burglaries, in general, when do burglars prefer to commit
their crime?
a. 3am to 5am
b. 9am to 11am
c. 6pm to 8pm
d. 11pm to 1am
Certain anti-crime measures have greater impact on some individuals than others. These
people are considered more________ .
a. rational
b. displaceable
c. deterrable
d. discourageable
The “high” or the excitement/exhilaration of successfully executing illegal activities in
dangerous situations is referred to as
a. riskwork
b. edgework
c. buzzwork
d. thrillwork
What happens when criminals try new offenses they had previously avoided because
situational crime prevention programs neutralized their crime of choice?
a. discouragement
b. extinction
c. replacement
d. specific deterrence
Public policy programs based on developmental theory
a. focus on deterrence through strict punishments.
b. include mechanisms for reintegrating offenders into society.
c. provide self-help treatments aimed at adult offenders.
d. feature multi-systemic treatments designed for at-risk youths.
When Tommy turned sixteen he dropped out of school. He attempted to find a job but
could not be hired because he did not have a high school diploma. According to the ,
Tommy’s legitimate opportunities are limited and thus it only makes sense that he join a
gang and pursue a criminal career.
a. concentric zone theory
b. differential opportunity theory
c. relative deprivation theory
d. social ecology theory
Which theory focuses on the urban conditions, such as high unemployment and school
dropout rates, to explain crime?
a. strain theory
b. social disorganization theory
c. cultural deviance theory
d. general strain theory
The evolution of organized crime has led to the_____, a FBI investigation tool that
focuses on criminal enterprise and investigates the structure of criminal enterprise
groups.
a. enterprise theory of investigation
b. RICO theory of investigation
c. formation theory of investigation
d. Mafia theory of investigation